Merge pull request #8916 from greg0ire/failing-test-8914

Check current class' discriminator map

.doctrine-project.json

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+{
+    "active": true,
+    "name": "Object Relational Mapper",
+    "shortName": "ORM",
+    "slug": "orm",
+    "docsSlug": "doctrine-orm",
+    "versions": [
+        {
+            "name": "3.0",
+            "branchName": "3.0.x",
+            "slug": "latest",
+            "upcoming": true
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "2.10",
+            "branchName": "2.10.x",
+            "slug": "2.10",
+            "upcoming": true
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "2.9",
+            "branchName": "2.9.x",
+            "slug": "2.9",
+            "current": true,
+            "aliases": [
+                "current",
+                "stable"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "2.8",
+            "branchName": "2.8.x",
+            "slug": "2.8",
+            "maintained": false
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "2.7",
+            "branchName": "2.7",
+            "slug": "2.7",
+            "maintained": false
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "2.6",
+            "branchName": "2.6",
+            "slug": "2.6",
+            "maintained": false
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "2.5",
+            "branchName": "2.5",
+            "slug": "2.5",
+            "maintained": false
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "2.4",
+            "branchName": "2.4",
+            "slug": "2.4",
+            "maintained": false
+        }
+    ]
+}

.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/tests export-ignore
+/tools export-ignore
+/docs export-ignore
+/.github export-ignore
+.doctrine-project.json export-ignore
+.gitattributes export-ignore
+.gitignore export-ignore
+build.properties export-ignore
+build.properties.dev export-ignore
+build.xml export-ignore
+CONTRIBUTING.md export-ignore
+phpunit.xml.dist export-ignore
+run-all.sh export-ignore
+phpcs.xml.dist export-ignore
+phpbench.json export-ignore
+phpstan.neon export-ignore
+phpstan-baseline.neon export-ignore
+psalm.xml export-ignore
+psalm-baseline.xml export-ignore

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/BC_Break.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+name: 💥 BC Break
+about: Have you encountered an issue during upgrade? 💣
+---
+
+<!--
+Before reporting a BC break, please consult the upgrading document to make sure it's not an expected change: https://github.com/doctrine/orm/blob/2.9.x/UPGRADE.md
+-->
+
+### BC Break Report
+
+<!-- Fill in the relevant information below to help triage your issue. -->
+
+|    Q        |   A
+|------------ | ------
+| BC Break    | yes
+| Version     | x.y.z
+
+#### Summary
+
+<!-- Provide a summary describing the problem you are experiencing. -->
+
+#### Previous behavior
+
+<!-- What was the previous (working) behavior? -->
+
+#### Current behavior
+
+<!-- What is the current (broken) behavior? -->
+
+#### How to reproduce
+
+<!--
+Provide steps to reproduce the BC break.
+If possible, also add a code snippet with relevant configuration, entity mappings, DQL etc.
+Adding a failing Unit or Functional Test would help us a lot - you can submit it in a Pull Request separately, referencing this bug report.
+-->

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/Bug.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+---
+name: 🐞 Bug Report
+about: Something is broken? 🔨
+---
+
+### Bug Report
+
+<!-- Fill in the relevant information below to help triage your issue. -->
+
+|    Q        |   A
+|------------ | ------
+| BC Break    | yes/no
+| Version     | x.y.z
+
+#### Summary
+
+<!-- Provide a summary describing the problem you are experiencing. -->
+
+#### Current behavior
+
+<!-- What is the current (buggy) behavior? -->
+
+#### How to reproduce
+
+<!--
+Provide steps to reproduce the bug.
+If possible, also add a code snippet with relevant configuration, entity mappings, DQL etc.
+Adding a failing Unit or Functional Test would help us a lot - you can submit one in a Pull Request separately, referencing this bug report.
+-->
+
+#### Expected behavior
+
+<!-- What was the expected (correct) behavior? -->
+

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/Feature_Request.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+name: 🎉 Feature Request
+about: You have a neat idea that should be implemented? 🎩
+---
+
+### Feature Request
+
+<!-- Fill in the relevant information below to help triage your issue. -->
+
+|    Q        |   A
+|------------ | ------
+| New Feature | yes
+| RFC         | yes/no
+| BC Break    | yes/no
+
+#### Summary
+
+<!-- Provide a summary of the feature you would like to see implemented. -->

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/Support_Question.md

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+name: ❓ Support Question
+about: Have a problem that you can't figure out? 🤔
+---
+
+Please use https://github.com/doctrine/orm/discussions instead.

.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE/Failing_Test.md

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+name: 🐞 Failing Test
+about: You found a bug and have a failing Unit or Functional test? 🔨
+---
+
+### Failing Test
+
+<!-- Fill in the relevant information below to help triage your issue. -->
+
+|    Q        |   A
+|------------ | ------
+| BC Break    | yes/no
+| Version     | x.y.z
+
+
+#### Summary
+
+<!-- Provide a summary of the failing scenario. -->
+

.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE/Improvement.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+name: ⚙ Improvement
+about: You have some improvement to make Doctrine better? 🎁
+---
+
+### Improvement
+
+<!-- Fill in the relevant information below to help triage your issue. -->
+
+|    Q        |   A
+|------------ | ------
+| New Feature | yes
+| RFC         | yes/no
+| BC Break    | yes/no
+
+#### Summary
+
+<!-- Provide a summary of the improvement you are submitting. -->

.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE/New_Feature.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+---
+name: 🎉 New Feature
+about: You have implemented some neat idea that you want to make part of Doctrine? 🎩
+---
+
+<!--
+Thank you for submitting new feature!
+Pick the target branch based according to these criteria:
+  * submitting a bugfix: target the lowest active stable branch: 2.9.x
+  * submitting a new feature: target the next minor branch: 2.10.x
+  * submitting a BC-breaking change: target the next major branch: 3.0.x
+-->
+
+### New Feature
+
+<!-- Fill in the relevant information below to help triage your issue. -->
+
+|    Q        |   A
+|------------ | ------
+| New Feature | yes
+| RFC         | yes/no
+| BC Break    | yes/no
+
+#### Summary
+
+<!-- Provide a summary of the feature you have implemented. -->

.github/workflows/coding-standard.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+name: "Coding Standards"
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - "*.x"
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - "*.x"
+
+jobs:
+  coding-standards:
+    name: "Coding Standards"
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-20.04"
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        php-version:
+          - "7.4"
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout"
+        uses: "actions/checkout@v2"
+
+      - name: "Install PHP"
+        uses: "shivammathur/setup-php@v2"
+        with:
+          coverage: "none"
+          php-version: "${{ matrix.php-version }}"
+          tools: "cs2pr"
+
+      - name: "Install dependencies with Composer"
+        uses: "ramsey/composer-install@v1"
+        with:
+          dependency-versions: "highest"
+
+      # https://github.com/doctrine/.github/issues/3
+      - name: "Run PHP_CodeSniffer"
+        run: "vendor/bin/phpcs -q --no-colors --report=checkstyle | cs2pr"

.github/workflows/continuous-integration.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+name: "Continuous Integration"
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+
+env:
+  fail-fast: true
+
+jobs:
+  phpunit-smoke-check:
+    name: "PHPUnit with SQLite"
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-20.04"
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        php-version:
+          - "7.2"
+          - "7.3"
+          - "7.4"
+          - "8.0"
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout"
+        uses: "actions/checkout@v2"
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 2
+
+      - name: "Install PHP"
+        uses: "shivammathur/setup-php@v2"
+        with:
+          php-version: "${{ matrix.php-version }}"
+          extensions: "pdo, pdo_sqlite"
+          coverage: "pcov"
+          ini-values: "zend.assertions=1"
+
+      - name: "Install dependencies with Composer"
+        uses: "ramsey/composer-install@v1"
+
+      - name: "Run PHPUnit"
+        run: "vendor/bin/phpunit -c ci/github/phpunit/sqlite.xml --coverage-clover=coverage-no-cache.xml"
+        env:
+            ENABLE_SECOND_LEVEL_CACHE: 0
+
+      - name: "Run PHPUnit with Second Level Cache"
+        run: "vendor/bin/phpunit -c ci/github/phpunit/sqlite.xml --exclude-group performance,non-cacheable,locking_functional --coverage-clover=coverage-cache.xml"
+        env:
+            ENABLE_SECOND_LEVEL_CACHE: 1
+
+      - name: "Upload coverage file"
+        uses: "actions/upload-artifact@v2"
+        with:
+          name: "phpunit-sqlite-${{ matrix.php-version }}-coverage"
+          path: "coverage*.xml"
+
+
+  phpunit-postgres:
+    name: "PHPUnit with PostgreSQL"
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-20.04"
+    needs: "phpunit-smoke-check"
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        php-version:
+          - "7.4"
+        postgres-version:
+          - "9.6"
+          - "13"
+
+    services:
+      postgres:
+        image: "postgres:${{ matrix.postgres-version }}"
+        env:
+          POSTGRES_PASSWORD: "postgres"
+
+        options: >-
+          --health-cmd "pg_isready"
+
+        ports:
+          - "5432:5432"
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout"
+        uses: "actions/checkout@v2"
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 2
+
+      - name: "Install PHP"
+        uses: "shivammathur/setup-php@v2"
+        with:
+          php-version: "${{ matrix.php-version }}"
+          coverage: "pcov"
+          ini-values: "zend.assertions=1"
+
+      - name: "Install dependencies with Composer"
+        uses: "ramsey/composer-install@v1"
+
+      - name: "Run PHPUnit"
+        run: "vendor/bin/phpunit -c ci/github/phpunit/pdo_pgsql.xml --coverage-clover=coverage.xml"
+
+      - name: "Upload coverage file"
+        uses: "actions/upload-artifact@v2"
+        with:
+          name: "${{ github.job }}-${{ matrix.postgres-version }}-${{ matrix.php-version }}-coverage"
+          path: "coverage.xml"
+
+
+  phpunit-mariadb:
+    name: "PHPUnit with MariaDB"
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-20.04"
+    needs: "phpunit-smoke-check"
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        php-version:
+          - "7.4"
+        mariadb-version:
+          - "10.5"
+        extension:
+          - "mysqli"
+          - "pdo_mysql"
+
+    services:
+      mariadb:
+        image: "mariadb:${{ matrix.mariadb-version }}"
+        env:
+          MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD: yes
+          MYSQL_DATABASE: "doctrine_tests"
+
+        options: >-
+          --health-cmd "mysqladmin ping --silent"
+
+        ports:
+          - "3306:3306"
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout"
+        uses: "actions/checkout@v2"
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 2
+
+      - name: "Install PHP"
+        uses: "shivammathur/setup-php@v2"
+        with:
+          php-version: "${{ matrix.php-version }}"
+          coverage: "pcov"
+          ini-values: "zend.assertions=1"
+          extensions: "${{ matrix.extension }}"
+
+      - name: "Install dependencies with Composer"
+        uses: "ramsey/composer-install@v1"
+
+      - name: "Run PHPUnit"
+        run: "vendor/bin/phpunit -c ci/github/phpunit/${{ matrix.extension }}.xml --coverage-clover=coverage.xml"
+
+      - name: "Upload coverage file"
+        uses: "actions/upload-artifact@v2"
+        with:
+          name: "${{ github.job }}-${{ matrix.mariadb-version }}-${{ matrix.extension }}-${{ matrix.php-version }}-coverage"
+          path: "coverage.xml"
+
+
+  phpunit-mysql:
+    name: "PHPUnit with MySQL"
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-20.04"
+    needs: "phpunit-smoke-check"
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        php-version:
+          - "7.4"
+        mysql-version:
+          - "5.7"
+          - "8.0"
+        extension:
+          - "mysqli"
+          - "pdo_mysql"
+
+    services:
+      mysql:
+        image: "mysql:${{ matrix.mysql-version }}"
+
+        options: >-
+          --health-cmd "mysqladmin ping --silent"
+          -e MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes
+          -e MYSQL_DATABASE=doctrine_tests
+
+        ports:
+          - "3306:3306"
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout"
+        uses: "actions/checkout@v2"
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 2
+
+      - name: "Install PHP"
+        uses: "shivammathur/setup-php@v2"
+        with:
+          php-version: "${{ matrix.php-version }}"
+          coverage: "pcov"
+          ini-values: "zend.assertions=1"
+          extensions: "${{ matrix.extension }}"
+
+      - name: "Install dependencies with Composer"
+        uses: "ramsey/composer-install@v1"
+
+      - name: "Run PHPUnit"
+        run: "vendor/bin/phpunit -c ci/github/phpunit/${{ matrix.extension }}.xml --coverage-clover=coverage-no-cache.xml"
+        env:
+            ENABLE_SECOND_LEVEL_CACHE: 0
+
+      - name: "Run PHPUnit with Second Level Cache"
+        run: "vendor/bin/phpunit -c ci/github/phpunit/${{ matrix.extension }}.xml --exclude-group performance,non-cacheable,locking_functional --coverage-clover=coverage-no-cache.xml"
+        env:
+            ENABLE_SECOND_LEVEL_CACHE: 1
+
+      - name: "Upload coverage files"
+        uses: "actions/upload-artifact@v2"
+        with:
+          name: "${{ github.job }}-${{ matrix.mysql-version }}-${{ matrix.extension }}-${{ matrix.php-version }}-coverage"
+          path: "coverage*.xml"
+
+  phpunit-lower-php-versions:
+    name: "PHPUnit with SQLite"
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-20.04"
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        php-version:
+          - "7.1"
+        deps:
+          - "highest"
+          - "lowest"
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout"
+        uses: "actions/checkout@v2"
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 2
+
+      - name: "Install PHP"
+        uses: "shivammathur/setup-php@v2"
+        with:
+          php-version: "${{ matrix.php-version }}"
+          ini-values: "zend.assertions=1"
+
+      - name: "Install dependencies with Composer"
+        uses: "ramsey/composer-install@v1"
+        with:
+          dependency-versions: "${{ matrix.deps }}"
+
+      - name: "Run PHPUnit"
+        run: "vendor/bin/phpunit -c ci/github/phpunit/sqlite.xml"
+
+  upload_coverage:
+    name: "Upload coverage to Codecov"
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-20.04"
+    needs:
+      - "phpunit-smoke-check"
+      - "phpunit-postgres"
+      - "phpunit-mariadb"
+      - "phpunit-mysql"
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout"
+        uses: "actions/checkout@v2"
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 2
+
+      - name: "Download coverage files"
+        uses: "actions/download-artifact@v2"
+        with:
+          path: "reports"
+
+      - name: "Upload to Codecov"
+        uses: "codecov/codecov-action@v1"
+        with:
+          directory: reports

.github/workflows/phpbench.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+
+name: "Performance benchmark"
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - "*.x"
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - "*.x"
+
+env:
+  fail-fast: true
+
+jobs:
+  phpbench:
+    name: "PHPBench"
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-20.04"
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        php-version:
+          - "7.4"
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout"
+        uses: "actions/checkout@v2"
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 2
+
+      - name: "Install PHP"
+        uses: "shivammathur/setup-php@v2"
+        with:
+          php-version: "${{ matrix.php-version }}"
+          coverage: "pcov"
+          ini-values: "zend.assertions=1"
+
+      - name: "Cache dependencies installed with composer"
+        uses: "actions/cache@v2"
+        with:
+          path: "~/.composer/cache"
+          key: "php-${{ matrix.php-version }}-composer-locked-${{ hashFiles('composer.lock') }}"
+          restore-keys: "php-${{ matrix.php-version }}-composer-locked-"
+
+      - name: "Install dependencies with composer"
+        run: "composer update --no-interaction --no-progress"
+
+      - name: "Run PHPBench"
+        run: "vendor/bin/phpbench run --report=default"

.github/workflows/release-on-milestone-closed.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+name: "Automatic Releases"
+
+on:
+  milestone:
+    types:
+      - "closed"
+
+jobs:
+  release:
+    name: "Git tag, release & create merge-up PR"
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-20.04"
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout"
+        uses: "actions/checkout@v2"
+
+      - name: "Release"
+        uses: "laminas/automatic-releases@v1"
+        with:
+          command-name: "laminas:automatic-releases:release"
+        env:
+          "GITHUB_TOKEN": ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          "SIGNING_SECRET_KEY": ${{ secrets.SIGNING_SECRET_KEY }}
+          "GIT_AUTHOR_NAME": ${{ secrets.GIT_AUTHOR_NAME }}
+          "GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL": ${{ secrets.GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL }}
+          "SHELL_VERBOSITY": "3"
+
+      - name: "Create Merge-Up Pull Request"
+        uses: "laminas/automatic-releases@v1"
+        with:
+          command-name: "laminas:automatic-releases:create-merge-up-pull-request"
+        env:
+          "GITHUB_TOKEN": ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          "SIGNING_SECRET_KEY": ${{ secrets.SIGNING_SECRET_KEY }}
+          "GIT_AUTHOR_NAME": ${{ secrets.GIT_AUTHOR_NAME }}
+          "GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL": ${{ secrets.GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL }}
+
+      - name: "Create new milestones"
+        uses: "laminas/automatic-releases@v1"
+        with:
+          command-name: "laminas:automatic-releases:create-milestones"
+        env:
+          "GITHUB_TOKEN": ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          "SIGNING_SECRET_KEY": ${{ secrets.SIGNING_SECRET_KEY }}
+          "GIT_AUTHOR_NAME": ${{ secrets.GIT_AUTHOR_NAME }}
+          "GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL": ${{ secrets.GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL }}

.github/workflows/static-analysis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+
+name: "Static Analysis"
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - "*.x"
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - "*.x"
+
+jobs:
+  static-analysis-phpstan:
+    name: "Static Analysis with PHPStan"
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-20.04"
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        php-version:
+          - "8.0"
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout code"
+        uses: "actions/checkout@v2"
+
+      - name: "Install PHP"
+        uses: "shivammathur/setup-php@v2"
+        with:
+          coverage: "none"
+          php-version: "${{ matrix.php-version }}"
+
+      - name: "Install dependencies with Composer"
+        uses: "ramsey/composer-install@v1"
+        with:
+          dependency-versions: "highest"
+
+      - name: "Run a static analysis with phpstan/phpstan"
+        run: "vendor/bin/phpstan analyse"
+
+  static-analysis-psalm:
+    name: "Static Analysis with Psalm"
+    runs-on: "ubuntu-20.04"
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        php-version:
+          - "8.0"
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout code"
+        uses: "actions/checkout@v2"
+
+      - name: "Install PHP"
+        uses: "shivammathur/setup-php@v2"
+        with:
+          coverage: "none"
+          php-version: "${{ matrix.php-version }}"
+
+      - name: "Install dependencies with Composer"
+        uses: "ramsey/composer-install@v1"
+        with:
+          dependency-versions: "highest"
+
+      - name: "Run a static analysis with vimeo/psalm"
+        run: "vendor/bin/psalm --show-info=false --stats --output-format=github --threads=$(nproc)"

.gitignore

@@ -8,4 +8,12 @@ lib/Doctrine/Common
 lib/Doctrine/DBAL
 /.settings/
 .buildpath
-.project
+.project
+.idea
+*.iml
+vendor/
+/tests/Doctrine/Performance/history.db
+/.phpcs-cache
+composer.lock
+/.phpunit.result.cache
+/*.phpunit.xml

.gitmodules

@@ -1,15 +1,6 @@
-[submodule "lib/vendor/doctrine-common"]
-	path = lib/vendor/doctrine-common
-	url = git://github.com/doctrine/common.git
-[submodule "lib/vendor/doctrine-dbal"]
-	path = lib/vendor/doctrine-dbal
-	url = git://github.com/doctrine/dbal.git
-[submodule "lib/vendor/Symfony/Component/Console"]
-	path = lib/vendor/Symfony/Component/Console
-	url = git://github.com/symfony/Console.git
-[submodule "lib/vendor/Symfony/Component/Yaml"]
-	path = lib/vendor/Symfony/Component/Yaml
-	url = git://github.com/symfony/Yaml.git
+[submodule "docs/en/_theme"]
+    path = docs/en/_theme
+    url = git://github.com/doctrine/doctrine-sphinx-theme.git
 [submodule "lib/vendor/doctrine-build-common"]
-	path = lib/vendor/doctrine-build-common
-	url = git://github.com/doctrine/doctrine-build-common.git
+    path = lib/vendor/doctrine-build-common
+    url = git://github.com/doctrine/doctrine-build-common.git

.travis.yml

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-language: php
-
-php:
-  - 5.3
-  - 5.4
-env:
-  - DB=mysql
-  - DB=pgsql
-  - DB=sqlite
-
-before_script:
-  - sh -c "if [ '$DB' = 'pgsql' ]; then psql -c 'DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS doctrine_tests;' -U postgres; fi"
-  - sh -c "if [ '$DB' = 'pgsql' ]; then psql -c 'DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS doctrine_tests_tmp;' -U postgres; fi"
-  - sh -c "if [ '$DB' = 'pgsql' ]; then psql -c 'create database doctrine_tests;' -U postgres; fi"
-  - sh -c "if [ '$DB' = 'pgsql' ]; then psql -c 'create database doctrine_tests_tmp;' -U postgres; fi"
-  - sh -c "if [ '$DB' = 'mysql' ]; then mysql -e 'create database IF NOT EXISTS doctrine_tests_tmp;create database IF NOT EXISTS doctrine_tests;'; fi"
-  - git submodule update --init
-
-script: phpunit --configuration tests/travis/$DB.travis.xml

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# Contribute to Doctrine
+
+Thank you for contributing to Doctrine!
+
+Before we can merge your Pull-Request here are some guidelines that you need to follow.
+These guidelines exist not to annoy you, but to keep the code base clean,
+unified and future proof.
+
+Doctrine has [general contributing guidelines][contributor workflow], make
+sure you follow them.
+
+[contributor workflow]: https://www.doctrine-project.org/contribute/index.html
+
+## Coding Standard
+
+This project follows [`doctrine/coding-standard`][coding standard homepage].
+You may fix many some of the issues with `vendor/bin/phpcbf`.
+
+[coding standard homepage]: https://github.com/doctrine/coding-standard
+
+## Unit-Tests
+
+Please try to add a test for your pull-request.
+
+* If you want to fix a bug or provide a reproduce case, create a test file in
+  ``tests/Doctrine/Tests/ORM/Functional/Ticket`` with the name of the ticket,
+  ``DDC1234Test.php`` for example.
+* If you want to contribute new functionality add unit- or functional tests
+  depending on the scope of the feature.
+
+You can run the unit-tests by calling ``vendor/bin/phpunit`` from the root of the project.
+It will run all the tests with an in memory SQLite database.
+
+In order to do that, you will need a fresh copy of the ORM, and you
+will have to run a composer installation in the project:
+
+```sh
+git clone git@github.com:doctrine/orm.git
+cd orm
+curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php --
+./composer.phar install
+```
+
+To run the testsuite against another database, copy the ``phpunit.xml.dist``
+to for example ``mysql.phpunit.xml`` and edit the parameters. You can
+take a look at the ``ci/github/phpunit`` directory for some examples. Then run:
+
+    vendor/bin/phpunit -c mysql.phpunit.xml
+
+If you do not provide these parameters, the test suite will use an in-memory
+sqlite database.
+
+Tips for creating unit tests:
+
+1. If you put a test into the `Ticket` namespace as described above, put the testcase and all entities into the same class.
+   See `https://github.com/doctrine/orm/tree/2.8.x/tests/Doctrine/Tests/ORM/Functional/Ticket/DDC2306Test.php` for an
+   example.
+
+## Getting merged
+
+Please allow us time to review your pull requests. We will give our best to review
+everything as fast as possible, but cannot always live up to our own expectations.
+
+Thank you very much again for your contribution!
+

LICENSE

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2006-2012 Doctrine Project
+Copyright (c) Doctrine Project
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
 this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in

README.markdown

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-# Doctrine 2 ORM
-
-Master: [![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/doctrine/doctrine2.png?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/doctrine/doctrine2)
-2.2: [![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/doctrine/doctrine2.png?branch=2.2)](http://travis-ci.org/doctrine/doctrine2)
-2.1: [![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/doctrine/doctrine2.png?branch=2.1.x)](http://travis-ci.org/doctrine/doctrine2)
-
-Doctrine 2 is an object-relational mapper (ORM) for PHP 5.3.2+ that provides transparent persistence
-for PHP objects. It sits on top of a powerful database abstraction layer (DBAL). One of its key features
-is the option to write database queries in a proprietary object oriented SQL dialect called Doctrine Query Language (DQL),
-inspired by Hibernates HQL. This provides developers with a powerful alternative to SQL that maintains flexibility
-without requiring unnecessary code duplication.
-
-## More resources:
-
-* [Website](http://www.doctrine-project.org)
-* [Documentation](http://docs.doctrine-project.org/projects/doctrine-orm/en/latest/index.html)
-* [Issue Tracker](http://www.doctrine-project.org/jira/browse/DDC)
-* [Downloads](http://github.com/doctrine/doctrine2/downloads)
-

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+| [3.0.x][3.0] | [2.10.x][2.10] | [2.9.x][2.9] |
+|:----------------:|:----------------:|:----------:|
+| [![Build status][3.0 image]][3.0] | [![Build status][2.10 image]][2.10] | [![Build status][2.9 image]][2.9] |
+| [![Coverage Status][3.0 coverage image]][3.0 coverage]| [![Coverage Status][2.10 coverage image]][2.10 coverage] | [![Coverage Status][2.9 coverage image]][2.9 coverage]  |
+
+Doctrine 2 is an object-relational mapper (ORM) for PHP 7.1+ that provides transparent persistence
+for PHP objects. It sits on top of a powerful database abstraction layer (DBAL). One of its key features
+is the option to write database queries in a proprietary object oriented SQL dialect called Doctrine Query Language (DQL),
+inspired by Hibernate's HQL. This provides developers with a powerful alternative to SQL that maintains flexibility
+without requiring unnecessary code duplication.
+
+
+## More resources:
+
+* [Website](http://www.doctrine-project.org)
+* [Documentation](https://www.doctrine-project.org/projects/doctrine-orm/en/latest/index.html)
+
+
+  [3.0 image]: https://github.com/doctrine/orm/actions/workflows/continuous-integration.yml/badge.svg?branch=3.0.x
+  [3.0]: https://github.com/doctrine/orm/tree/3.0.x
+  [3.0 coverage image]: https://codecov.io/gh/doctrine/orm/branch/3.0.x/graph/badge.svg
+  [3.0 coverage]: https://codecov.io/gh/doctrine/orm/branch/3.0.x
+  [2.9 image]: https://github.com/doctrine/orm/actions/workflows/continuous-integration.yml/badge.svg?branch=2.9.x
+  [2.9]: https://github.com/doctrine/orm/tree/2.9.x
+  [2.9 coverage image]: https://codecov.io/gh/doctrine/orm/branch/2.9.x/graph/badge.svg
+  [2.9 coverage]: https://codecov.io/gh/doctrine/orm/branch/2.9.x
+  [2.10 image]: https://github.com/doctrine/orm/actions/workflows/continuous-integration.yml/badge.svg?branch=2.10.x
+  [2.10]: https://github.com/doctrine/orm/tree/2.10.x
+  [2.10 coverage image]: https://codecov.io/gh/doctrine/orm/branch/2.10.x/graph/badge.svg
+  [2.10 coverage]: https://codecov.io/gh/doctrine/orm/branch/2.10.x

SECURITY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+Security
+========
+
+The Doctrine library is operating very close to your database and as such needs
+to handle and make assumptions about SQL injection vulnerabilities.
+
+It is vital that you understand how Doctrine approaches security, because
+we cannot protect you from SQL injection.
+
+Please read the documentation chapter on Security in Doctrine DBAL and ORM to
+understand the assumptions we make.
+
+- [DBAL Security Page](https://www.doctrine-project.org/projects/doctrine-dbal/en/latest/reference/security.html)
+- [ORM Security Page](https://www.doctrine-project.org/projects/doctrine-orm/en/latest/reference/security.html)
+
+If you find a Security bug in Doctrine, please report it on Jira and change the
+Security Level to "Security Issues". It will be visible to Doctrine Core
+developers and you only.

UPGRADE.md

@@ -1,5 +1,443 @@
+# Upgrade to 2.9
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: Setup tool needs cache implementation
+
+With the deprecation of doctrine/cache, the setup tool might no longer work as expected without a different cache
+implementation. To work around this:
+* Install symfony/cache: `composer require symfony/cache`. This will keep previous behaviour without any changes
+* Instantiate caches yourself: to use a different cache implementation, pass a cache instance when calling any
+  configuration factory in the setup tool:
+  ```diff
+  - $config = Setup::createAnnotationMetadataConfiguration($paths, $isDevMode, $proxyDir);
+  + $cache = \Doctrine\Common\Cache\Psr6\DoctrineProvider::wrap($anyPsr6Implementation);
+  + $config = Setup::createAnnotationMetadataConfiguration($paths, $isDevMode, $proxyDir, $cache);
+  ```
+* As a quick workaround, you can lock the doctrine/cache dependency to work around this: `composer require doctrine/cache ^1.11`.
+  Note that this is only recommended as a bandaid fix, as future versions of ORM will no longer work with doctrine/cache
+  1.11.
+  
+## Deprecated: doctrine/cache for metadata caching
+
+The `Doctrine\ORM\Configuration#setMetadataCacheImpl()` method is deprecated and should no longer be used. Please use
+`Doctrine\ORM\Configuration#setMetadataCache()` with any PSR-6 cache adapter instead.
+
+## Removed: flushing metadata cache
+
+To support PSR-6 caches, the `--flush` option for the `orm:clear-cache:metadata` command is ignored. Metadata cache is
+now always cleared regardless of the cache adapter being used.
+
+# Upgrade to 2.8
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: Failed commit now throw OptimisticLockException
+
+Method `Doctrine\ORM\UnitOfWork#commit()` can throw an OptimisticLockException when a commit silently fails and returns false
+since `Doctrine\DBAL\Connection#commit()` signature changed from returning void to boolean
+
+## Deprecated: `Doctrine\ORM\AbstractQuery#iterator()`
+
+The method `Doctrine\ORM\AbstractQuery#iterator()` is deprecated in favor of `Doctrine\ORM\AbstractQuery#toIterable()`.
+Note that `toIterable()` yields results of the query, unlike `iterator()` which yielded each result wrapped into an array.
+
+# Upgrade to 2.7
+
+## Added `Doctrine\ORM\AbstractQuery#enableResultCache()` and `Doctrine\ORM\AbstractQuery#disableResultCache()` methods	
+
+Method `Doctrine\ORM\AbstractQuery#useResultCache()` which could be used for both enabling and disabling the cache
+(depending on passed flag) was split into two.	
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: paginator output walkers aren't be called anymore on sub-queries for queries without max results  
+
+To optimize DB interaction, `Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Pagination\Paginator` no longer fetches identifiers to be able to
+perform the pagination with join collections when max results isn't set in the query.
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: tables filtered with `schema_filter` are no longer created
+
+When generating schema diffs, if a source table is filtered out by a `schema_filter` expression, then a `CREATE TABLE` was
+always generated, even if the table already existed. This has been changed in this release and the table will no longer
+be created.
+
+## Deprecated number unaware `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\UnderscoreNamingStrategy`
+
+In the last patch of the `v2.6.x` series, we fixed a bug that was not converting names properly when they had numbers
+(e.g.: `base64Encoded` was wrongly converted to `base64encoded` instead of `base64_encoded`).
+
+In order to not break BC we've introduced a way to enable the fixed behavior using a boolean constructor argument. This
+argument will be removed in 3.0 and the default behavior will be the fixed one.
+
+## Deprecated: `Doctrine\ORM\AbstractQuery#useResultCache()`	
+
+Method `Doctrine\ORM\AbstractQuery#useResultCache()` is deprecated because it is split into `enableResultCache()`
+and `disableResultCache()`. It will be removed in 3.0.
+
+## Deprecated code generators and related console commands
+
+These console commands have been deprecated:
+
+ * `orm:convert-mapping`
+ * `orm:generate:entities`
+ * `orm:generate-repositories`
+
+These classes have been deprecated:
+
+ * `Doctrine\ORM\Tools\EntityGenerator`
+ * `Doctrine\ORM\Tools\EntityRepositoryGenerator`
+
+Whole Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Export namespace with all its members have been deprecated as well.
+
+## Deprecated `Doctrine\ORM\Proxy\Proxy` marker interface
+
+Proxy objects in Doctrine ORM 3.0 will no longer implement `Doctrine\ORM\Proxy\Proxy` nor
+`Doctrine\Persistence\Proxy`: instead, they implement
+`ProxyManager\Proxy\GhostObjectInterface`.
+
+These related classes have been deprecated:
+
+ * `Doctrine\ORM\Proxy\ProxyFactory`
+ * `Doctrine\ORM\Proxy\Autoloader` - we suggest using the composer autoloader instead
+ 
+These methods have been deprecated:
+
+ * `Doctrine\ORM\Configuration#getAutoGenerateProxyClasses()`
+ * `Doctrine\ORM\Configuration#getProxyDir()`
+ * `Doctrine\ORM\Configuration#getProxyNamespace()`
+
+## Deprecated `Doctrine\ORM\Version`
+
+The `Doctrine\ORM\Version` class is now deprecated and will be removed in Doctrine ORM 3.0:
+please refrain from checking the ORM version at runtime or use
+[ocramius/package-versions](https://github.com/Ocramius/PackageVersions/).
+
+## Deprecated `EntityManager#merge()` and `EntityManager#detach()` methods
+
+Merge and detach semantics were a poor fit for the PHP "share-nothing" architecture.
+In addition to that, merging/detaching caused multiple issues with data integrity
+in the managed entity graph, which was constantly spawning more edge-case bugs/scenarios.
+
+The following API methods were therefore deprecated:
+
+* `EntityManager#merge()`
+* `EntityManager#detach()`
+* `UnitOfWork#merge()`
+* `UnitOfWork#detach()`
+
+Users are encouraged to migrate `EntityManager#detach()` calls to `EntityManager#clear()`.
+
+In order to maintain performance on batch processing jobs, it is endorsed to enable
+the second level cache (http://docs.doctrine-project.org/projects/doctrine-orm/en/latest/reference/second-level-cache.html)
+on entities that are frequently reused across multiple `EntityManager#clear()` calls.
+
+An alternative to `EntityManager#merge()` will not be provided by ORM 3.0, since the merging
+semantics should be part of the business domain rather than the persistence domain of an
+application. If your application relies heavily on CRUD-alike interactions and/or `PATCH`
+restful operations, you should look at alternatives such as [JMSSerializer](https://github.com/schmittjoh/serializer).
+
+## Extending `EntityManager` is deprecated
+
+Final keyword will be added to the `EntityManager::class` in Doctrine ORM 3.0 in order to ensure that EntityManager
+ is not used as valid extension point. Valid extension point should be EntityManagerInterface.
+
+## Deprecated `EntityManager#clear($entityName)`
+
+If your code relies on clearing a single entity type via `EntityManager#clear($entityName)`,
+the signature has been changed to `EntityManager#clear()`.
+
+The main reason is that partial clears caused multiple issues with data integrity
+in the managed entity graph, which was constantly spawning more edge-case bugs/scenarios.
+
+## Deprecated `EntityManager#flush($entity)` and `EntityManager#flush($entities)`
+
+If your code relies on single entity flushing optimisations via
+`EntityManager#flush($entity)`, the signature has been changed to
+`EntityManager#flush()`.
+
+Said API was affected by multiple data integrity bugs due to the fact
+that change tracking was being restricted upon a subset of the managed
+entities. The ORM cannot support committing subsets of the managed 
+entities while also guaranteeing data integrity, therefore this
+utility was removed.
+
+The `flush()` semantics will remain the same, but the change tracking will be performed
+on all entities managed by the unit of work, and not just on the provided
+`$entity` or `$entities`, as the parameter is now completely ignored.
+
+The same applies to `UnitOfWork#commit($entity)`, which will simply be
+`UnitOfWork#commit()`.
+
+If you would still like to perform batching operations over small `UnitOfWork`
+instances, it is suggested to follow these paths instead:
+
+ * eagerly use `EntityManager#clear()` in conjunction with a specific second level
+   cache configuration (see http://docs.doctrine-project.org/projects/doctrine-orm/en/latest/reference/second-level-cache.html)
+ * use an explicit change tracking policy (see http://docs.doctrine-project.org/projects/doctrine-orm/en/latest/reference/change-tracking-policies.html)
+
+## Deprecated `YAML` mapping drivers.
+
+If your code relies on `YamlDriver`  or `SimpleYamlDriver`, you **MUST** change to
+annotation or XML drivers instead.
+
+## Deprecated: `Doctrine\ORM\EntityManagerInterface#copy()`
+
+Method `Doctrine\ORM\EntityManagerInterface#copy()` never got its implementation and is deprecated.
+It will be removed in 3.0.
+
+# Upgrade to 2.6
+
+## Added `Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository::count()` method
+
+`Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository::count()` has been added. This new method has different
+signature than `Countable::count()` (required parameter) and therefore are not compatible.
+If your repository implemented the `Countable` interface, you will have to use
+`$repository->count([])` instead and not implement `Countable` interface anymore.
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: `Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Console\ConsoleRunner` is now final
+
+Since it's just an utilitarian class and should not be inherited.
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: removed `Doctrine\ORM\Query\QueryException::associationPathInverseSideNotSupported()`
+
+Method `Doctrine\ORM\Query\QueryException::associationPathInverseSideNotSupported()`
+now has a required parameter `$pathExpr`.
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: removed `Doctrine\ORM\Query\Parser#isInternalFunction()`
+
+Method `Doctrine\ORM\Query\Parser#isInternalFunction()` was removed because
+the distinction between internal function and user defined DQL was removed.
+[#6500](https://github.com/doctrine/orm/pull/6500)
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: removed `Doctrine\ORM\ORMException#overwriteInternalDQLFunctionNotAllowed()`
+
+Method `Doctrine\ORM\Query\Parser#overwriteInternalDQLFunctionNotAllowed()` was
+removed because of the choice to allow users to overwrite internal functions, ie
+`AVG`, `SUM`, `COUNT`, `MIN` and `MAX`. [#6500](https://github.com/doctrine/orm/pull/6500)
+
+## PHP 7.1 is now required
+
+Doctrine 2.6 now requires PHP 7.1 or newer.
+
+As a consequence, automatic cache setup in Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Setup::create*Configuration() was changed:
+- APCu extension (ext-apcu) will now be used instead of abandoned APC (ext-apc).
+- Memcached extension (ext-memcached) will be used instead of obsolete Memcache (ext-memcache).
+- XCache support was dropped as it doesn't work with PHP 7.
+
+# Upgrade to 2.5
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: removed `Doctrine\ORM\Query\SqlWalker#walkCaseExpression()`
+
+Method `Doctrine\ORM\Query\SqlWalker#walkCaseExpression()` was unused and part
+of the internal API of the ORM, so it was removed. [#5600](https://github.com/doctrine/orm/pull/5600).
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: removed $className parameter on `AbstractEntityInheritancePersister#getSelectJoinColumnSQL()`
+
+As `$className` parameter was not used in the method, it was safely removed.
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: query cache key time is now a float
+
+As of 2.5.5, the `QueryCacheEntry#time` property will contain a float value
+instead of an integer in order to have more precision and also to be consistent
+with the `TimestampCacheEntry#time`.
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: discriminator map must now include all non-transient classes
+
+It is now required that you declare the root of an inheritance in the
+discriminator map.
+
+When declaring an inheritance map, it was previously possible to skip the root
+of the inheritance in the discriminator map. This was actually a validation
+mistake by Doctrine2 and led to problems when trying to persist instances of
+that class.
+
+If you don't plan to persist instances some classes in your inheritance, then
+either:
+
+ - make those classes `abstract`
+ - map those classes as `MappedSuperclass`
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: ``EntityManagerInterface`` instead of ``EntityManager`` in type-hints
+ 
+As of 2.5, classes requiring the ``EntityManager`` in any method signature will now require 
+an ``EntityManagerInterface`` instead.
+If you are extending any of the following classes, then you need to check following
+signatures:
+
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\Tools\DebugUnitOfWorkListener#dumpIdentityMap(EntityManagerInterface $em)``
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\ClassMetadataFactory#setEntityManager(EntityManagerInterface $em)``
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: Custom Hydrators API change
+
+As of 2.5, `AbstractHydrator` does not enforce the usage of cache as part of
+API, and now provides you a clean API for column information through the method
+`hydrateColumnInfo($column)`.
+Cache variable being passed around by reference is no longer needed since
+Hydrators are per query instantiated since Doctrine 2.4.
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: Entity based ``EntityManager#clear()`` calls follow cascade detach
+
+Whenever ``EntityManager#clear()`` method gets called with a given entity class
+name, until 2.4, it was only detaching the specific requested entity.
+As of 2.5, ``EntityManager`` will follow configured cascades, providing a better
+memory management since associations will be garbage collected, optimizing
+resources consumption on long running jobs.
+
+## BC BREAK: NamingStrategy interface changes
+
+1. A new method ``embeddedFieldToColumnName($propertyName, $embeddedColumnName)``
+
+This method generates the column name for fields of embedded objects. If you implement your custom NamingStrategy, you
+now also need to implement this new method.
+
+2. A change to method ``joinColumnName()`` to include the $className
+
+## Updates on entities scheduled for deletion are no longer processed
+
+In Doctrine 2.4, if you modified properties of an entity scheduled for deletion, UnitOfWork would
+produce an UPDATE statement to be executed right before the DELETE statement. The entity in question
+was therefore present in ``UnitOfWork#entityUpdates``, which means that ``preUpdate`` and ``postUpdate``
+listeners were (quite pointlessly) called. In ``preFlush`` listeners, it used to be possible to undo
+the scheduled deletion for updated entities (by calling ``persist()`` if the entity was found in both
+``entityUpdates`` and ``entityDeletions``). This does not work any longer, because the entire changeset
+calculation logic is optimized away.
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: Default lock mode changed from LockMode::NONE to null in method signatures
+
+A misconception concerning default lock mode values in method signatures lead to unexpected behaviour
+in SQL statements on SQL Server. With a default lock mode of ``LockMode::NONE`` throughout the
+method signatures in ORM, the table lock hint ``WITH (NOLOCK)`` was appended to all locking related
+queries by default. This could result in unpredictable results because an explicit ``WITH (NOLOCK)``
+table hint tells SQL Server to run a specific query in transaction isolation level READ UNCOMMITTED
+instead of the default READ COMMITTED transaction isolation level.
+Therefore there now is a distinction between ``LockMode::NONE`` and ``null`` to be able to tell
+Doctrine whether to add table lock hints to queries by intention or not. To achieve this, the following
+method signatures have been changed to declare ``$lockMode = null`` instead of ``$lockMode = LockMode::NONE``:
+
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\Cache\Persister\AbstractEntityPersister#getSelectSQL()``
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\Cache\Persister\AbstractEntityPersister#load()``
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\Cache\Persister\AbstractEntityPersister#refresh()``
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\Decorator\EntityManagerDecorator#find()``
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager#find()``
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository#find()``
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\Persisters\BasicEntityPersister#getSelectSQL()``
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\Persisters\BasicEntityPersister#load()``
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\Persisters\BasicEntityPersister#refresh()``
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\Persisters\EntityPersister#getSelectSQL()``
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\Persisters\EntityPersister#load()``
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\Persisters\EntityPersister#refresh()``
+- ``Doctrine\ORM\Persisters\JoinedSubclassPersister#getSelectSQL()``
+
+You should update signatures for these methods if you have subclassed one of the above classes.
+Please also check the calling code of these methods in your application and update if necessary.
+
+**Note:**
+This in fact is really a minor BC BREAK and should not have any affect on database vendors
+other than SQL Server because it is the only one that supports and therefore cares about
+``LockMode::NONE``. It's really just a FIX for SQL Server environments using ORM.
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: `__clone` method not called anymore when entities are instantiated via metadata API
+
+As of PHP 5.6, instantiation of new entities is deferred to the
+[`doctrine/instantiator`](https://github.com/doctrine/instantiator) library, which will avoid calling `__clone`
+or any public API on instantiated objects.
+
+## BC BREAK: `Doctrine\ORM\Repository\DefaultRepositoryFactory` is now `final`
+
+Please implement the `Doctrine\ORM\Repository\RepositoryFactory` interface instead of extending
+the `Doctrine\ORM\Repository\DefaultRepositoryFactory`.
+
+## BC BREAK: New object expression DQL queries now respects user provided aliasing and not return consumed fields
+
+When executing DQL queries with new object expressions, instead of returning DTOs numerically indexes, it will now respect user provided aliases. Consider the following query:
+
+    SELECT new UserDTO(u.id,u.name) as user,new AddressDTO(a.street,a.postalCode) as address, a.id as addressId FROM User u INNER JOIN u.addresses a WITH a.isPrimary = true
+    
+Previously, your result would be similar to this:
+
+    array(
+        0=>array(
+            0=>{UserDTO object},
+            1=>{AddressDTO object},
+            2=>{u.id scalar},
+            3=>{u.name scalar},
+            4=>{a.street scalar},
+            5=>{a.postalCode scalar},
+            'addressId'=>{a.id scalar},
+        ),
+        ...
+    )
+
+From now on, the resultset will look like this:
+
+    array(
+        0=>array(
+            'user'=>{UserDTO object},
+            'address'=>{AddressDTO object},
+            'addressId'=>{a.id scalar}
+        ),
+        ...
+    )
+
+## Minor BC BREAK: added second parameter $indexBy in EntityRepository#createQueryBuilder method signature
+
+Added way to access the underlying QueryBuilder#from() method's 'indexBy' parameter when using EntityRepository#createQueryBuilder()
+
+# Upgrade to 2.4
+
+## BC BREAK: Compatibility Bugfix in PersistentCollection#matching()
+
+In Doctrine 2.3 it was possible to use the new ``matching($criteria)``
+functionality by adding constraints for assocations based on ID:
+
+    Criteria::expr()->eq('association', $assocation->getId());
+
+This functionality does not work on InMemory collections however, because
+in memory criteria compares object values based on reference.
+As of 2.4 the above code will throw an exception. You need to change
+offending code to pass the ``$assocation`` reference directly:
+
+    Criteria::expr()->eq('association', $assocation);
+
+## Composer is now the default autoloader
+
+The test suite now runs with composer autoloading. Support for PEAR, and tarball autoloading is deprecated.
+Support for GIT submodules is removed.
+
+## OnFlush and PostFlush event always called
+
+Before 2.4 the postFlush and onFlush events were only called when there were
+actually entities that changed. Now these events are called no matter if there
+are entities in the UoW or changes are found.
+
+## Parenthesis are now considered in arithmetic expression
+
+Before 2.4 parenthesis are not considered in arithmetic primary expression.
+That's conceptually wrong, since it might result in wrong values. For example:
+
+The DQL:
+
+    SELECT 100 / ( 2 * 2 ) FROM MyEntity
+
+Before 2.4 it generates the SQL:
+
+    SELECT 100 / 2 * 2 FROM my_entity
+
+Now parenthesis are considered, the previous DQL will generate:
+
+    SELECT 100 / (2 * 2) FROM my_entity
+
 # Upgrade to 2.3
 
+## Auto Discriminator Map breaks userland implementations with Listener
+
+The new feature to detect discriminator maps automatically when none
+are provided breaks userland implementations doing this with a
+listener in ``loadClassMetadata`` event.
+
+## EntityManager#find() not calls EntityRepository#find() anymore
+
+Previous to 2.3, calling ``EntityManager#find()`` would be delegated to
+``EntityRepository#find()``.  This has lead to some unexpected behavior in the
+core of Doctrine when people have overwritten the find method in their
+repositories. That is why this behavior has been reversed in 2.3, and
+``EntityRepository#find()`` calls ``EntityManager#find()`` instead.
+
 ## EntityGenerator add*() method generation
 
 When generating an add*() method for a collection the EntityGenerator will now not
@@ -33,19 +471,25 @@ Also, related functions were affected:
 Internal changes were made to DQL and SQL generation. If you have implemented your own TreeWalker,
 you probably need to update it. The method walkJoinVariableDeclaration is now named walkJoin.
 
+## New methods in TreeWalker interface *BC break*
+
+Two methods getQueryComponents() and setQueryComponent() were added to the TreeWalker interface and all its implementations
+including TreeWalkerAdapter, TreeWalkerChain and SqlWalker. If you have your own implementation not inheriting from one of the
+above you must implement these new methods.
+
 ## Metadata Drivers
 
-Metadata drivers have been rewritten to reuse code from Doctrine\Common. Anyone who is using the
+Metadata drivers have been rewritten to reuse code from `Doctrine\Persistence`. Anyone who is using the
 `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\Driver` interface should instead refer to
-`Doctrine\Common\Persistence\Mapping\Driver\MappingDriver`. Same applies to
+`Doctrine\Persistence\Mapping\Driver\MappingDriver`. Same applies to
 `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\AbstractFileDriver`: you should now refer to
-`Doctrine\Common\Persistence\Mapping\Driver\FileDriver`.
+`Doctrine\Persistence\Mapping\Driver\FileDriver`.
 
 Also, following mapping drivers have been deprecated, please use their replacements in Doctrine\Common as listed:
 
- *  `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\DriverChain`       => `Doctrine\Common\Persistence\Mapping\Driver\MappingDriverChain`
- *  `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\PHPDriver`         => `Doctrine\Common\Persistence\Mapping\Driver\PHPDriver`
- *  `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\StaticPHPDriver`   => `Doctrine\Common\Persistence\Mapping\Driver\StaticPHPDriver`
+ *  `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\DriverChain`       => `Doctrine\Persistence\Mapping\Driver\MappingDriverChain`
+ *  `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\PHPDriver`         => `Doctrine\Persistence\Mapping\Driver\PHPDriver`
+ *  `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\StaticPHPDriver`   => `Doctrine\Persistence\Mapping\Driver\StaticPHPDriver`
 
 # Upgrade to 2.2
 
@@ -99,7 +543,7 @@ from 2.0 have to configure the annotation driver if they don't use `Configuratio
     $config->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
 
 
-## Scalar mappings can now be ommitted from DQL result
+## Scalar mappings can now be omitted from DQL result
 
 You are now allowed to mark scalar SELECT expressions as HIDDEN an they are not hydrated anymore.
 Example:
@@ -134,7 +578,7 @@ Previously EntityManager#find(null) returned null. It now throws an exception.
 
 ## Interface for EntityRepository
 
-The EntityRepository now has an interface Doctrine\Common\Persistence\ObjectRepository. This means that your classes that override EntityRepository and extend find(), findOneBy() or findBy() must be adjusted to follow this interface.
+The EntityRepository now has an interface Doctrine\Persistence\ObjectRepository. This means that your classes that override EntityRepository and extend find(), findOneBy() or findBy() must be adjusted to follow this interface.
 
 ## AnnotationReader changes
 
@@ -280,7 +724,7 @@ them for batch updates like SchemaTool and other commands. However the
 annotations driver being a default driver does not really help that much
 anyways.
 
-Therefore we decided to break backwards compability in this issue and drop
+Therefore we decided to break backwards compatibility in this issue and drop
 the support for Annotations as Default Driver and require our users to
 specify the driver explicitly (which allows us to ask for the path to all
 entities).
@@ -339,7 +783,7 @@ apologize for the inconvenience.
 ## Default Property for Field Mappings
 
 The "default" option for database column defaults has been removed. If desired, database column defaults can
-be implemented by using the columnDefinition attribute of the @Column annotation (or the approriate XML and YAML equivalents).
+be implemented by using the columnDefinition attribute of the @Column annotation (or the appropriate XML and YAML equivalents).
 Prefer PHP default values, if possible.
 
 ## Selecting Partial Objects
@@ -424,7 +868,7 @@ With new required method AbstractTask::buildDocumentation, its implementation de
 
     * "doctrine schema-tool --drop" now always drops the complete database instead of
     only those tables defined by the current database model. The previous method had
-    problems when foreign keys of orphaned tables pointed to tables that were schedulded
+    problems when foreign keys of orphaned tables pointed to tables that were scheduled
     for deletion.
     * Use "doctrine schema-tool --update" to get a save incremental update for your
     database schema without deleting any unused tables, sequences or foreign keys.

bin/doctrine

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env php
 <?php
 
-include('doctrine.php');
+include(__DIR__ . '/doctrine.php');

bin/doctrine-pear.php

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ $helperSet = null;
 if (file_exists($configFile)) {
     if ( ! is_readable($configFile)) {
         trigger_error(
-            'Configuration file [' . $configFile . '] does not have read permission.', E_ERROR
+            'Configuration file [' . $configFile . '] does not have read permission.', E_USER_ERROR
         );
     }
 

bin/doctrine.bat

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-@echo off
-
-if "%PHPBIN%" == "" set PHPBIN=@php_bin@
-if not exist "%PHPBIN%" if "%PHP_PEAR_PHP_BIN%" neq "" goto USE_PEAR_PATH
-GOTO RUN
-:USE_PEAR_PATH
-set PHPBIN=%PHP_PEAR_PHP_BIN%
-:RUN
-"%PHPBIN%" "@bin_dir@\doctrine" %*
+@echo off
+
+if "%PHPBIN%" == "" set PHPBIN=@php_bin@
+if not exist "%PHPBIN%" if "%PHP_PEAR_PHP_BIN%" neq "" goto USE_PEAR_PATH
+GOTO RUN
+:USE_PEAR_PATH
+set PHPBIN=%PHP_PEAR_PHP_BIN%
+:RUN
+"%PHPBIN%" "@bin_dir@\doctrine" %*

bin/doctrine.php

@@ -13,31 +13,57 @@
  * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  *
  * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals
- * and is licensed under the LGPL. For more information, see
+ * and is licensed under the MIT license. For more information, see
  * <http://www.doctrine-project.org>.
  */
 
-(@include_once __DIR__ . '/../vendor/autoload.php') || @include_once __DIR__ . '/../../../autoload.php';
-$configFile = getcwd() . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'cli-config.php';
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Helper\HelperSet;
+use Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Console\ConsoleRunner;
 
-$helperSet = null;
-if (file_exists($configFile)) {
-    if ( ! is_readable($configFile)) {
-        trigger_error(
-            'Configuration file [' . $configFile . '] does not have read permission.', E_ERROR
-        );
+$autoloadFiles = [
+    __DIR__ . '/../vendor/autoload.php',
+    __DIR__ . '/../../../autoload.php'
+];
+
+foreach ($autoloadFiles as $autoloadFile) {
+    if (file_exists($autoloadFile)) {
+        require_once $autoloadFile;
+        break;
     }
+}
 
-    require $configFile;
+$directories = [getcwd(), getcwd() . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'config'];
 
+$configFile = null;
+foreach ($directories as $directory) {
+    $configFile = $directory . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'cli-config.php';
+
+    if (file_exists($configFile)) {
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+if ( ! file_exists($configFile)) {
+    ConsoleRunner::printCliConfigTemplate();
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+if ( ! is_readable($configFile)) {
+    echo 'Configuration file [' . $configFile . '] does not have read permission.' . "\n";
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+$commands = [];
+
+$helperSet = require $configFile;
+
+if ( ! ($helperSet instanceof HelperSet)) {
     foreach ($GLOBALS as $helperSetCandidate) {
-        if ($helperSetCandidate instanceof \Symfony\Component\Console\Helper\HelperSet) {
+        if ($helperSetCandidate instanceof HelperSet) {
             $helperSet = $helperSetCandidate;
             break;
         }
     }
 }
 
-$helperSet = ($helperSet) ?: new \Symfony\Component\Console\Helper\HelperSet();
-
-\Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Console\ConsoleRunner::run($helperSet);
+ConsoleRunner::run($helperSet, $commands);

build.properties

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# Project Name
-project.name=DoctrineORM
-
-# Dependency minimum versions
-dependencies.common=2.2.0beta1
-dependencies.dbal=2.2.0beta1
-dependencies.sfconsole=2.0.0
-
-# Version class and file
-project.version_class = Doctrine\ORM\Version
-project.version_file = lib/Doctrine/ORM/Version.php

build.properties.dev

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-version=2.0.0BETA2
-dependencies.common=2.0.0BETA4
-dependencies.dbal=2.0.0BETA4
-stability=beta
-build.dir=build
-dist.dir=dist
-report.dir=reports
-log.archive.dir=logs
-project.pirum_dir=
-project.download_dir=
-project.xsd_dir=
-test.phpunit_configuration_file=
-test.phpunit_generate_coverage=0
-test.pmd_reports=0
-test.pdepend_exec=
-test.phpmd_exec=

build.xml

@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0"?>
-<project name="DoctrineORM" default="build" basedir=".">
-    <taskdef classname="phing.tasks.ext.d51PearPkg2Task" name="d51pearpkg2" />
-    <import file="${project.basedir}/lib/vendor/doctrine-build-common/packaging.xml" />
-
-    <property file="build.properties" />
-
-    <!--
-        Fileset for artifacts shared across all distributed packages.
-    -->
-    <fileset id="shared-artifacts" dir=".">
-        <include name="LICENSE"/>
-        <include name="UPGRADE*" />
-        <include name="doctrine-mapping.xsd" />
-    </fileset>
-
-    <!--
-        Fileset for command line scripts
-    -->
-    <fileset id="bin-scripts" dir="./bin">
-        <include name="doctrine"/>
-        <include name="doctrine-pear.php"/>
-        <include name="doctrine.bat"/>
-    </fileset>
-
-    <!--
-        Fileset for the sources of the Doctrine Common dependency.
-    -->
-    <fileset id="common-sources" dir="./lib/vendor/doctrine-common/lib">
-        <include name="Doctrine/Common/**"/>
-    </fileset>
-
-    <!--
-        Fileset for the sources of the Doctrine DBAL dependency.
-    -->
-    <fileset id="dbal-sources" dir="./lib/vendor/doctrine-dbal/lib">
-        <include name="Doctrine/DBAL/**"/>
-    </fileset>
-
-    <!--
-        Fileset for the sources of the Doctrine ORM.
-    -->
-    <fileset id="orm-sources" dir="./lib">
-        <include name="Doctrine/ORM/**"/>
-    </fileset>
-
-    <!--
-      Fileset for source of the Symfony YAML and Console components.
-    -->
-    <fileset id="symfony-sources" dir="./lib/vendor">
-        <include name="Symfony/Component/**"/>
-        <exclude name="**/.git/**" />
-    </fileset>
-
-    <!--
-        Builds ORM package, preparing it for distribution.
-    -->
-    <target name="copy-files" depends="prepare">
-        <copy todir="${build.dir}/${project.name}-${version}">
-            <fileset refid="shared-artifacts"/>
-        </copy>
-        <copy todir="${build.dir}/${project.name}-${version}">
-            <fileset refid="common-sources"/>
-            <fileset refid="dbal-sources"/>
-            <fileset refid="orm-sources"/>
-        </copy>
-        <copy todir="${build.dir}/${project.name}-${version}/Doctrine">
-            <fileset refid="symfony-sources"/>
-        </copy>
-        <copy todir="${build.dir}/${project.name}-${version}/bin">
-            <fileset refid="bin-scripts"/>
-        </copy>
-    </target>
-
-    <!--
-        Builds distributable PEAR packages.
-    -->
-    <target name="define-pear-package" depends="copy-files">
-        <d51pearpkg2 baseinstalldir="/" dir="${build.dir}/${project.name}-${version}">
-           <name>DoctrineORM</name>
-           <summary>Doctrine Object Relational Mapper</summary>
-           <channel>pear.doctrine-project.org</channel>
-           <description>The Doctrine ORM package is the primary package containing the object relational mapper.</description>
-           <lead user="jwage" name="Jonathan H. Wage" email="jonwage@gmail.com" />
-           <lead user="guilhermeblanco" name="Guilherme Blanco" email="guilhermeblanco@gmail.com" />
-           <lead user="romanb" name="Roman Borschel" email="roman@code-factory.org" />
-           <lead user="beberlei" name="Benjamin Eberlei" email="kontakt@beberlei.de" />
-           <license>LGPL</license>
-           <version release="${pear.version}" api="${pear.version}" />
-           <stability release="${pear.stability}" api="${pear.stability}" />
-           <notes>-</notes>
-           <dependencies>
-               <php minimum_version="5.3.0" />
-               <pear minimum_version="1.6.0" recommended_version="1.6.1" />
-               <package name="DoctrineCommon" channel="pear.doctrine-project.org" minimum_version="${dependencies.common}" />
-               <package name="DoctrineDBAL" channel="pear.doctrine-project.org" minimum_version="${dependencies.dbal}" />
-               <package name="Console" channel="pear.symfony.com" minimum_version="2.0.0" />
-               <package name="Yaml" channel="pear.symfony.com" minimum_version="2.0.0" />
-           </dependencies>
-           <dirroles key="bin">script</dirroles>
-           <ignore>Doctrine/Common/</ignore>
-           <ignore>Doctrine/DBAL/</ignore>
-           <ignore>Symfony/Component/Yaml/</ignore>
-           <ignore>Symfony/Component/Console/</ignore>
-           <release>
-                <install as="doctrine" name="bin/doctrine" />
-                <install as="doctrine.php" name="bin/doctrine-pear.php" />
-                <install as="doctrine.bat" name="bin/doctrine.bat" />
-           </release>
-           <replacement path="bin/doctrine" type="pear-config" from="@php_bin@" to="php_bin" />
-           <replacement path="bin/doctrine.bat" type="pear-config" from="@bin_dir@" to="bin_dir" />
-        </d51pearpkg2>
-    </target>
-</project>

ci/github/phpunit/mysqli.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+         xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="../../vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"
+         colors="true"
+         beStrictAboutOutputDuringTests="true"
+         beStrictAboutTodoAnnotatedTests="true"
+         failOnRisky="true"
+>
+    <php>
+        <var name="db_driver" value="mysqli"/>
+        <var name="db_host" value="127.0.0.1" />
+        <var name="db_port" value="3306"/>
+        <var name="db_user" value="root" />
+        <var name="db_dbname" value="doctrine_tests" />
+
+        <!-- necessary change for some CLI/console output test assertions -->
+        <env name="COLUMNS" value="120"/>
+    </php>
+
+    <testsuites>
+        <testsuite name="Doctrine DBAL Test Suite">
+            <directory>../../../tests</directory>
+        </testsuite>
+    </testsuites>
+
+    <filter>
+        <whitelist>
+            <directory suffix=".php">../../../lib/Doctrine</directory>
+        </whitelist>
+    </filter>
+
+    <groups>
+        <exclude>
+            <group>performance</group>
+            <group>locking_functional</group>
+        </exclude>
+    </groups>
+</phpunit>

ci/github/phpunit/pdo_mysql.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+         xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="../../vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"
+         colors="true"
+         beStrictAboutOutputDuringTests="true"
+         beStrictAboutTodoAnnotatedTests="true"
+         failOnRisky="true"
+>
+    <php>
+        <var name="db_driver" value="pdo_mysql"/>
+        <var name="db_host" value="127.0.0.1" />
+        <var name="db_port" value="3306"/>
+        <var name="db_user" value="root" />
+        <var name="db_dbname" value="doctrine_tests" />
+
+        <!-- necessary change for some CLI/console output test assertions -->
+        <env name="COLUMNS" value="120"/>
+    </php>
+
+    <testsuites>
+        <testsuite name="Doctrine DBAL Test Suite">
+            <directory>../../../tests</directory>
+        </testsuite>
+    </testsuites>
+
+    <filter>
+        <whitelist>
+            <directory suffix=".php">../../../lib/Doctrine</directory>
+        </whitelist>
+    </filter>
+
+
+    <groups>
+        <exclude>
+            <group>performance</group>
+            <group>locking_functional</group>
+        </exclude>
+    </groups>
+</phpunit>

ci/github/phpunit/pdo_pgsql.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+         xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="../../vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"
+         colors="true"
+         beStrictAboutOutputDuringTests="true"
+         beStrictAboutTodoAnnotatedTests="true"
+         failOnRisky="true"
+>
+    <php>
+        <var name="db_driver" value="pdo_pgsql"/>
+        <var name="db_host" value="localhost" />
+        <var name="db_user" value="postgres" />
+        <var name="db_password" value="postgres" />
+        <var name="db_dbname" value="doctrine_tests" />
+
+        <!-- necessary change for some CLI/console output test assertions -->
+        <env name="COLUMNS" value="120"/>
+    </php>
+
+    <testsuites>
+        <testsuite name="Doctrine DBAL Test Suite">
+            <directory>../../../tests</directory>
+        </testsuite>
+    </testsuites>
+
+    <filter>
+        <whitelist>
+            <directory suffix=".php">../../../lib/Doctrine</directory>
+        </whitelist>
+    </filter>
+
+    <groups>
+        <exclude>
+            <group>performance</group>
+            <group>locking_functional</group>
+        </exclude>
+    </groups>
+</phpunit>

ci/github/phpunit/sqlite.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+         xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="../../vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"
+         colors="true"
+         beStrictAboutOutputDuringTests="true"
+         beStrictAboutTodoAnnotatedTests="true"
+         failOnRisky="true"
+>
+    <php>
+        <!-- use an in-memory sqlite database -->
+        <var name="db_driver" value="pdo_sqlite"/>
+        <var name="db_memory" value="true"/>
+
+        <!-- necessary change for some CLI/console output test assertions -->
+        <env name="COLUMNS" value="120"/>
+    </php>
+
+    <testsuites>
+        <testsuite name="Doctrine DBAL Test Suite">
+            <directory>../../../tests</directory>
+        </testsuite>
+    </testsuites>
+
+    <filter>
+        <whitelist>
+            <directory suffix=".php">../../../lib/Doctrine</directory>
+        </whitelist>
+    </filter>
+
+    <groups>
+        <exclude>
+            <group>performance</group>
+            <group>locking_functional</group>
+        </exclude>
+    </groups>
+</phpunit>

composer.json

@@ -3,30 +3,63 @@
     "type": "library",
     "description": "Object-Relational-Mapper for PHP",
     "keywords": ["orm", "database"],
-    "homepage": "http://www.doctrine-project.org",
+    "homepage": "https://www.doctrine-project.org/projects/orm.html",
     "license": "MIT",
     "authors": [
         {"name": "Guilherme Blanco", "email": "guilhermeblanco@gmail.com"},
         {"name": "Roman Borschel", "email": "roman@code-factory.org"},
         {"name": "Benjamin Eberlei", "email": "kontakt@beberlei.de"},
-        {"name": "Jonathan Wage", "email": "jonwage@gmail.com"}
+        {"name": "Jonathan Wage", "email": "jonwage@gmail.com"},
+        {"name": "Marco Pivetta", "email": "ocramius@gmail.com"}
     ],
+    "config": {
+        "sort-packages": true
+    },
     "require": {
-        "php": ">=5.3.2",
+        "php": "^7.1 ||^8.0",
+        "ext-ctype": "*",
         "ext-pdo": "*",
-        "doctrine/dbal": ">=2.3-dev,<2.5-dev",
-        "symfony/console": "2.*"
+        "composer/package-versions-deprecated": "^1.8",
+        "doctrine/annotations": "^1.13",
+        "doctrine/cache": "^1.12.1 || ^2.1.1",
+        "doctrine/collections": "^1.5",
+        "doctrine/common": "^3.0.3",
+        "doctrine/dbal": "^2.13.0",
+        "doctrine/deprecations": "^0.5.3",
+        "doctrine/event-manager": "^1.1",
+        "doctrine/inflector": "^1.4 || ^2.0",
+        "doctrine/instantiator": "^1.3",
+        "doctrine/lexer": "^1.0",
+        "doctrine/persistence": "^2.2",
+        "psr/cache": "^1 || ^2 || ^3",
+        "symfony/console": "^3.0 || ^4.0 || ^5.0 || ^6.0"
+    },
+    "require-dev": {
+        "doctrine/coding-standard": "^9.0",
+        "phpbench/phpbench": "^0.16.10 || ^1.0",
+        "phpstan/phpstan": "0.12.94",
+        "phpunit/phpunit": "^7.5 || ^8.5 || ^9.4",
+        "squizlabs/php_codesniffer": "3.6.0",
+        "symfony/cache": "^4.4 || ^5.2",
+        "symfony/yaml": "^3.4 || ^4.0 || ^5.0 || ^6.0",
+        "vimeo/psalm": "4.7.0"
     },
     "suggest": {
+        "symfony/cache": "Provides cache support for Setup Tool with doctrine/cache 2.0",
         "symfony/yaml": "If you want to use YAML Metadata Mapping Driver"
     },
     "autoload": {
-        "psr-0": { "Doctrine\\ORM": "lib/" }
+        "psr-4": { "Doctrine\\ORM\\": "lib/Doctrine/ORM" }
     },
-    "bin": ["bin/doctrine", "bin/doctrine.php"],
-    "extra": {
-        "branch-alias": {
-            "dev-master": "2.4.x-dev"
+    "autoload-dev": {
+        "psr-4": {
+            "Doctrine\\Tests\\": "tests/Doctrine/Tests",
+            "Doctrine\\StaticAnalysis\\": "tests/Doctrine/StaticAnalysis",
+            "Doctrine\\Performance\\": "tests/Doctrine/Performance"
         }
+    },
+    "bin": ["bin/doctrine"],
+    "archive": {
+        "exclude": ["!vendor", "tests", "*phpunit.xml", "build.xml", "build.properties", "composer.phar", "vendor/satooshi", "lib/vendor", "*.swp"]
     }
 }

docs/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+en/_exts/configurationblock.pyc
+build
+en/_build
+.idea

docs/.gitmodules

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[submodule "en/_theme"]
+	path = en/_theme
+	url = https://github.com/doctrine/doctrine-sphinx-theme.git

docs/LICENSE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+The Doctrine ORM documentation is licensed under [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/deed.en_US)
+
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+    jurisdiction in which the License terms are sought to be enforced
+    according to the corresponding provisions of the implementation of
+    those treaty provisions in the applicable national law. If the
+    standard suite of rights granted under applicable copyright law
+    includes additional rights not granted under this License, such
+    additional rights are deemed to be included in the License; this
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+    applicable law.
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docs/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Doctrine ORM Documentation
+
+## How to Generate:
+Using Ubuntu 14.04 LTS:
+
+1. Run ./bin/install-dependencies.sh
+2. Run ./bin/generate-docs.sh
+
+It will generate the documentation into the build directory of the checkout.
+
+
+## Theme issues
+
+If you get a "Theme error", check if the `en/_theme` subdirectory is empty,
+in which case you will need to run:
+
+1. git submodule init
+2. git submodule update

docs/bin/generate-docs.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+EXECPATH=`dirname $0`
+cd $EXECPATH
+cd ..
+
+rm build -Rf
+sphinx-build en build
+
+sphinx-build -b latex en build/pdf
+rubber --into build/pdf --pdf build/pdf/Doctrine2ORM.tex

docs/bin/install-dependencies.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y python2.7 python-sphinx python-pygments

docs/en/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
+#
+
+# You can set these variables from the command line.
+SPHINXOPTS    =
+SPHINXBUILD   = sphinx-build
+PAPER         =
+BUILDDIR      = _build
+
+# Internal variables.
+PAPEROPT_a4     = -D latex_paper_size=a4
+PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
+ALLSPHINXOPTS   = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
+
+.PHONY: help clean html dirhtml pickle json htmlhelp qthelp latex changes linkcheck doctest
+
+help:
+	@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
+	@echo "  html      to make standalone HTML files"
+	@echo "  dirhtml   to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
+	@echo "  pickle    to make pickle files"
+	@echo "  json      to make JSON files"
+	@echo "  htmlhelp  to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
+	@echo "  qthelp    to make HTML files and a qthelp project"
+	@echo "  latex     to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
+	@echo "  changes   to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items"
+	@echo "  linkcheck to check all external links for integrity"
+	@echo "  doctest   to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
+
+clean:
+	-rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
+
+html:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."
+
+dirhtml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml."
+
+pickle:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."
+
+json:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."
+
+htmlhelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
+	      ".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp."
+
+qthelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \
+	      ".qhcp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp, like this:"
+	@echo "# qcollectiongenerator $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/Doctrine2ORM.qhcp"
+	@echo "To view the help file:"
+	@echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/Doctrine2ORM.qhc"
+
+latex:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
+	@echo "Run \`make all-pdf' or \`make all-ps' in that directory to" \
+	      "run these through (pdf)latex."
+
+changes:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes
+	@echo
+	@echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes."
+
+linkcheck:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck
+	@echo
+	@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
+	      "or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt."
+
+doctest:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest
+	@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
+	      "results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt."

docs/en/_exts/configurationblock.py

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#Copyright (c) 2010 Fabien Potencier
+#
+#Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+#of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+#in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+#to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+#copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished
+#to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+#The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+#copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+#THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+#IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+#FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+#AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+#LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+#OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+#THE SOFTWARE.
+
+from docutils.parsers.rst import Directive, directives
+from docutils import nodes
+from string import upper
+
+class configurationblock(nodes.General, nodes.Element):
+    pass
+
+class ConfigurationBlock(Directive):
+    has_content = True
+    required_arguments = 0
+    optional_arguments = 0
+    final_argument_whitespace = True
+    option_spec = {}
+    formats = {
+        'html':            'HTML',
+        'xml':             'XML',
+        'php':             'PHP',
+        'yaml':            'YAML',
+        'jinja':           'Twig',
+        'html+jinja':      'Twig',
+        'jinja+html':      'Twig',
+        'php+html':        'PHP',
+        'html+php':        'PHP',
+        'ini':             'INI',
+        'php-annotations': 'Annotations',
+    }
+
+    def run(self):
+        env = self.state.document.settings.env
+
+        node = nodes.Element()
+        node.document = self.state.document
+        self.state.nested_parse(self.content, self.content_offset, node)
+
+        entries = []
+        for i, child in enumerate(node):
+            if isinstance(child, nodes.literal_block):
+                # add a title (the language name) before each block
+                #targetid = "configuration-block-%d" % env.new_serialno('configuration-block')
+                #targetnode = nodes.target('', '', ids=[targetid])
+                #targetnode.append(child)
+
+                innernode = nodes.emphasis(self.formats[child['language']], self.formats[child['language']])
+
+                para = nodes.paragraph()
+                para += [innernode, child]
+
+                entry = nodes.list_item('')
+                entry.append(para)
+                entries.append(entry)
+
+        resultnode = configurationblock()
+        resultnode.append(nodes.bullet_list('', *entries))
+
+        return [resultnode]
+
+def visit_configurationblock_html(self, node):
+    self.body.append(self.starttag(node, 'div', CLASS='configuration-block'))
+
+def depart_configurationblock_html(self, node):
+    self.body.append('</div>\n')
+
+def visit_configurationblock_latex(self, node):
+    pass
+
+def depart_configurationblock_latex(self, node):
+    pass
+
+def setup(app):
+    app.add_node(configurationblock,
+                 html=(visit_configurationblock_html, depart_configurationblock_html),
+                 latex=(visit_configurationblock_latex, depart_configurationblock_latex))
+    app.add_directive('configuration-block', ConfigurationBlock)

docs/en/conf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Doctrine 2 ORM documentation build configuration file, created by
+# sphinx-quickstart on Fri Dec  3 18:10:24 2010.
+#
+# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its containing dir.
+#
+# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
+# autogenerated file.
+#
+# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
+# serve to show the default.
+
+import sys, os, datetime
+
+# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
+# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
+# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
+sys.path.append(os.path.abspath('_exts'))
+
+# -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
+
+# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
+# coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
+extensions = ['configurationblock']
+
+# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
+templates_path = ['_templates']
+
+# The suffix of source filenames.
+source_suffix = '.rst'
+
+# The encoding of source files.
+#source_encoding = 'utf-8'
+
+# The master toctree document.
+master_doc = 'index'
+
+# General information about the project.
+project = u'Doctrine 2 ORM'
+copyright = u'2010-%y, Doctrine Project Team'.format(datetime.date.today)
+
+# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
+# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
+# built documents.
+#
+# The short X.Y version.
+version = '2'
+# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
+release = '2'
+
+# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
+# for a list of supported languages.
+language = 'en'
+
+# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
+# non-false value, then it is used:
+#today = ''
+# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
+#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+
+# List of documents that shouldn't be included in the build.
+#unused_docs = []
+
+# List of directories, relative to source directory, that shouldn't be searched
+# for source files.
+exclude_trees = ['_build']
+
+# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
+#default_role = None
+
+# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
+#add_function_parentheses = True
+
+# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
+# unit titles (such as .. function::).
+#add_module_names = True
+
+# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
+# output. They are ignored by default.
+show_authors = True
+
+# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
+pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+
+# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
+#modindex_common_prefix = []
+
+
+# -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------------
+
+# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  Major themes that come with
+# Sphinx are currently 'default' and 'sphinxdoc'.
+html_theme = 'doctrine'
+
+# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
+# further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
+# documentation.
+#html_theme_options = {}
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
+html_theme_path = ['_theme']
+
+# The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
+# "<project> v<release> documentation".
+#html_title = None
+
+# A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
+#html_short_title = None
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
+# of the sidebar.
+#html_logo = None
+
+# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
+# docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
+# pixels large.
+#html_favicon = None
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
+# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
+# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
+html_static_path = ['_static']
+
+# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
+# using the given strftime format.
+#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+
+# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
+# typographically correct entities.
+#html_use_smartypants = True
+
+# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
+#html_sidebars = {}
+
+# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
+# template names.
+#html_additional_pages = {}
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#html_use_modindex = True
+
+# If false, no index is generated.
+#html_use_index = True
+
+# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
+#html_split_index = False
+
+# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
+#html_show_sourcelink = True
+
+# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
+# contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
+# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
+#html_use_opensearch = ''
+
+# If nonempty, this is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
+#html_file_suffix = ''
+
+# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
+htmlhelp_basename = 'Doctrine2ORMdoc'
+
+
+# -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------------
+
+# The paper size ('letter' or 'a4').
+#latex_paper_size = 'letter'
+
+# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+#latex_font_size = '10pt'
+
+# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual]).
+latex_documents = [
+  ('index', 'Doctrine2ORM.tex', u'Doctrine 2 ORM Documentation',
+   u'Doctrine Project Team', 'manual'),
+]
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
+# the title page.
+#latex_logo = None
+
+# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
+# not chapters.
+#latex_use_parts = False
+
+# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+#latex_preamble = ''
+
+# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
+#latex_appendices = []
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#latex_use_modindex = True
+
+primary_domain = "dcorm"
+
+def linkcode_resolve(domain, info):
+    if domain == 'dcorm':
+        return 'http://'
+    return None

docs/en/cookbook/advanced-field-value-conversion-using-custom-mapping-types.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+Advanced field value conversion using custom mapping types
+==========================================================
+
+.. sectionauthor:: Jan Sorgalla <jsorgalla@googlemail.com>
+
+When creating entities, you sometimes have the need to transform field values
+before they are saved to the database. In Doctrine you can use Custom Mapping 
+Types to solve this (see: :ref:`reference-basic-mapping-custom-mapping-types`).
+
+There are several ways to achieve this: converting the value inside the Type
+class, converting the value on the database-level or a combination of both.
+
+This article describes the third way by implementing the MySQL specific column
+type `Point <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/gis-class-point.html>`_.
+
+The ``Point`` type is part of the `Spatial extension <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/spatial-extensions.html>`_
+of MySQL and enables you to store a single location in a coordinate space by
+using x and y coordinates. You can use the Point type to store a 
+longitude/latitude pair to represent a geographic location.
+
+The entity
+----------
+
+We create a simple entity with a field ``$point`` which holds a value object
+``Point`` representing the latitude and longitude of the position.
+
+The entity class:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    
+    namespace Geo\Entity;
+ 
+    /**
+     * @Entity
+     */
+    class Location
+    {
+        /**
+         * @Column(type="point")
+         *
+         * @var \Geo\ValueObject\Point
+         */
+        private $point;
+
+        /**
+         * @Column(type="string")
+         *
+         * @var string
+         */
+        private $address;
+
+        /**
+         * @param \Geo\ValueObject\Point $point
+         */
+        public function setPoint(\Geo\ValueObject\Point $point)
+        {
+            $this->point = $point;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @return \Geo\ValueObject\Point
+         */
+        public function getPoint()
+        {
+            return $this->point;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @param string $address
+         */
+        public function setAddress($address)
+        {
+            $this->address = $address;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @return string
+         */
+        public function getAddress()
+        {
+            return $this->address;
+        }
+    }
+
+We use the custom type ``point`` in the ``@Column``  docblock annotation of the 
+``$point`` field. We will create this custom mapping type in the next chapter.
+
+The point class:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    
+    namespace Geo\ValueObject;
+
+    class Point
+    {
+
+        /**
+         * @param float $latitude
+         * @param float $longitude
+         */
+        public function __construct($latitude, $longitude)
+        {
+            $this->latitude  = $latitude;
+            $this->longitude = $longitude;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @return float
+         */
+        public function getLatitude()
+        {
+            return $this->latitude;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @return float
+         */
+        public function getLongitude()
+        {
+            return $this->longitude;
+        }
+    }
+
+The mapping type
+----------------
+
+Now we're going to create the ``point`` type and implement all required methods.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    namespace Geo\Types;
+
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type;
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\AbstractPlatform;
+
+    use Geo\ValueObject\Point;
+
+    class PointType extends Type
+    {
+        const POINT = 'point';
+
+        public function getName()
+        {
+            return self::POINT;
+        }
+
+        public function getSQLDeclaration(array $fieldDeclaration, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            return 'POINT';
+        }
+
+        public function convertToPHPValue($value, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            list($longitude, $latitude) = sscanf($value, 'POINT(%f %f)');
+
+            return new Point($latitude, $longitude);
+        }
+
+        public function convertToDatabaseValue($value, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            if ($value instanceof Point) {
+                $value = sprintf('POINT(%F %F)', $value->getLongitude(), $value->getLatitude());
+            }
+
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        public function canRequireSQLConversion()
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public function convertToPHPValueSQL($sqlExpr, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            return sprintf('AsText(%s)', $sqlExpr);
+        }
+
+        public function convertToDatabaseValueSQL($sqlExpr, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            return sprintf('PointFromText(%s)', $sqlExpr);
+        }
+    }
+
+We do a 2-step conversion here. In the first step, we convert the ``Point``
+object into a string representation before saving to the database (in the
+``convertToDatabaseValue`` method) and back into an object after fetching the
+value from the database (in the ``convertToPHPValue`` method).
+
+The format of the string representation format is called
+`Well-known text (WKT) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-known_text>`_.
+The advantage of this format is, that it is both human readable and parsable by MySQL.
+
+Internally, MySQL stores geometry values in a binary format that is not 
+identical to the WKT format. So, we need to let MySQL transform the WKT
+representation into its internal format.
+
+This is where the ``convertToPHPValueSQL`` and  ``convertToDatabaseValueSQL``
+methods come into play.
+
+This methods wrap a sql expression (the WKT representation of the Point) into
+MySQL functions `ST_PointFromText <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/gis-wkt-functions.html#function_st-pointfromtext>`_
+and `ST_AsText <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/gis-format-conversion-functions.html#function_st-astext>`_
+which convert WKT strings to and from the internal format of MySQL.
+
+.. note::
+
+    When using DQL queries, the ``convertToPHPValueSQL`` and  
+    ``convertToDatabaseValueSQL`` methods only apply to identification variables
+    and path expressions in SELECT clauses. Expressions in  WHERE clauses are 
+    **not** wrapped!
+
+    If you want to use Point values in WHERE clauses, you have to implement a
+    :doc:`user defined function <dql-user-defined-functions>` for 
+    ``PointFromText``.
+
+Example usage
+-------------
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    // Bootstrapping stuff...
+    // $em = \Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager::create($connectionOptions, $config);
+
+    // Setup custom mapping type
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type;
+
+    Type::addType('point', 'Geo\Types\PointType');
+    $em->getConnection()->getDatabasePlatform()->registerDoctrineTypeMapping('point', 'point');
+
+    // Store a Location object
+    use Geo\Entity\Location;
+    use Geo\ValueObject\Point;
+
+    $location = new Location();
+
+    $location->setAddress('1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA');
+    $location->setPoint(new Point(37.4220761, -122.0845187));
+
+    $em->persist($location);
+    $em->flush();
+    $em->clear();
+
+    // Fetch the Location object
+    $query = $em->createQuery("SELECT l FROM Geo\Entity\Location l WHERE l.address = '1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA'");
+    $location = $query->getSingleResult();
+
+    /* @var Geo\ValueObject\Point */
+    $point = $location->getPoint();

docs/en/cookbook/aggregate-fields.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+Aggregate Fields
+================
+
+.. sectionauthor:: Benjamin Eberlei <kontakt@beberlei.de>
+
+You will often come across the requirement to display aggregate
+values of data that can be computed by using the MIN, MAX, COUNT or
+SUM SQL functions. For any ORM this is a tricky issue
+traditionally. Doctrine ORM offers several ways to get access to
+these values and this article will describe all of them from
+different perspectives.
+
+You will see that aggregate fields can become very explicit
+features in your domain model and how this potentially complex
+business rules can be easily tested.
+
+An example model
+----------------
+
+Say you want to model a bank account and all their entries. Entries
+into the account can either be of positive or negative money
+values. Each account has a credit limit and the account is never
+allowed to have a balance below that value.
+
+For simplicity we live in a world where money is composed of
+integers only. Also we omit the receiver/sender name, stated reason
+for transfer and the execution date. These all would have to be
+added on the ``Entry`` object.
+
+Our entities look like:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    namespace Bank\Entities;
+
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;
+    
+    /**
+     * @ORM\Entity
+     */
+    class Account
+    {
+        /**
+         * @ORM\Id
+         * @ORM\GeneratedValue
+         * @ORM\Column(type="integer")
+         */
+        private ?int $id;
+    
+        /**
+         * @ORM\Column(type="string", unique=true)
+         */
+        private string $no;
+    
+        /**
+         * @ORM\OneToMany(targetEntity="Entry", mappedBy="account", cascade={"persist"})
+         */
+        private array $entries;
+    
+        /**
+         * @ORM\Column(type="integer")
+         */
+        private int $maxCredit = 0;
+    
+        public function __construct(string $no, int $maxCredit = 0)
+        {
+            $this->no = $no;
+            $this->maxCredit = $maxCredit;
+            $this->entries = new \Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @ORM\Entity
+     */
+    class Entry
+    {
+        /**
+         * @ORM\Id
+         * @ORM\GeneratedValue
+         * @ORM\Column(type="integer")
+         */
+        private ?int $id;
+    
+        /**
+         * @ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity="Account", inversedBy="entries")
+         */
+        private Account $account;
+    
+        /**
+         * @ORM\Column(type="integer")
+         */
+        private int $amount;
+    
+        public function __construct(Account $account, int $amount)
+        {
+            $this->account = $account;
+            $this->amount = $amount;
+            // more stuff here, from/to whom, stated reason, execution date and such
+        }
+    
+        public function getAmount(): Amount
+        {
+            return $this->amount;
+        }
+    }
+
+Using DQL
+---------
+
+The Doctrine Query Language allows you to select for aggregate
+values computed from fields of your Domain Model. You can select
+the current balance of your account by calling:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $dql = "SELECT SUM(e.amount) AS balance FROM Bank\Entities\Entry e " .
+           "WHERE e.account = ?1";
+    $balance = $em->createQuery($dql)
+                  ->setParameter(1, $myAccountId)
+                  ->getSingleScalarResult();
+
+The ``$em`` variable in this (and forthcoming) example holds the
+Doctrine ``EntityManager``. We create a query for the SUM of all
+amounts (negative amounts are withdraws) and retrieve them as a
+single scalar result, essentially return only the first column of
+the first row.
+
+This approach is simple and powerful, however it has a serious
+drawback. We have to execute a specific query for the balance
+whenever we need it.
+
+To implement a powerful domain model we would rather have access to
+the balance from our ``Account`` entity during all times (even if
+the Account was not persisted in the database before!).
+
+Also an additional requirement is the max credit per ``Account``
+rule.
+
+We cannot reliably enforce this rule in our ``Account`` entity with
+the DQL retrieval of the balance. There are many different ways to
+retrieve accounts. We cannot guarantee that we can execute the
+aggregation query for all these use-cases, let alone that a
+userland programmer checks this balance against newly added
+entries.
+
+Using your Domain Model
+-----------------------
+
+``Account`` and all the ``Entry`` instances are connected through a
+collection, which means we can compute this value at runtime:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class Account
+    {
+        // .. previous code
+
+        public function getBalance(): int
+        {
+            $balance = 0;
+            foreach ($this->entries as $entry) {
+                $balance += $entry->getAmount();
+            }
+
+            return $balance;
+        }
+    }
+
+Now we can always call ``Account::getBalance()`` to access the
+current account balance.
+
+To enforce the max credit rule we have to implement the "Aggregate
+Root" pattern as described in Eric Evans book on Domain Driven
+Design. Described with one sentence, an aggregate root controls the
+instance creation, access and manipulation of its children.
+
+In our case we want to enforce that new entries can only added to
+the ``Account`` by using a designated method. The ``Account`` is
+the aggregate root of this relation. We can also enforce the
+correctness of the bi-directional ``Account`` <-> ``Entry``
+relation with this method:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class Account
+    {
+        public function addEntry(int $amount): void
+        {
+            $this->assertAcceptEntryAllowed($amount);
+    
+            $e = new Entry($this, $amount);
+            $this->entries[] = $e;
+        }
+    }
+
+Now look at the following test-code for our entities:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+    class AccountTest extends TestCase
+    {
+        public function testAddEntry()
+        {
+            $account = new Account("123456", $maxCredit = 200);
+            $this->assertEquals(0, $account->getBalance());
+    
+            $account->addEntry(500);
+            $this->assertEquals(500, $account->getBalance());
+    
+            $account->addEntry(-700);
+            $this->assertEquals(-200, $account->getBalance());
+        }
+    
+        public function testExceedMaxLimit()
+        {
+            $account = new Account("123456", $maxCredit = 200);
+    
+            $this->expectException(Exception::class);
+            $account->addEntry(-1000);
+        }
+    }
+
+To enforce our rule we can now implement the assertion in
+``Account::addEntry``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    class Account
+    {
+        // .. previous code
+
+        private function assertAcceptEntryAllowed(int $amount): void
+        {
+            $futureBalance = $this->getBalance() + $amount;
+            $allowedMinimalBalance = ($this->maxCredit * -1);
+            if ($futureBalance < $allowedMinimalBalance) {
+                throw new Exception("Credit Limit exceeded, entry is not allowed!");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+We haven't talked to the entity manager for persistence of our
+account example before. You can call
+``EntityManager::persist($account)`` and then
+``EntityManager::flush()`` at any point to save the account to the
+database. All the nested ``Entry`` objects are automatically
+flushed to the database also.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $account = new Account("123456", 200);
+    $account->addEntry(500);
+    $account->addEntry(-200);
+    $em->persist($account);
+    $em->flush();
+
+The current implementation has a considerable drawback. To get the
+balance, we have to initialize the complete ``Account::$entries``
+collection, possibly a very large one. This can considerably hurt
+the performance of your application.
+
+Using an Aggregate Field
+------------------------
+
+To overcome the previously mentioned issue (initializing the whole
+entries collection) we want to add an aggregate field called
+"balance" on the Account and adjust the code in
+``Account::getBalance()`` and ``Account:addEntry()``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class Account
+    {
+        /**
+         * @ORM\Column(type="integer")
+         */
+        private int $balance = 0;
+    
+        public function getBalance(): int
+        {
+            return $this->balance;
+        }
+    
+        public function addEntry(int $amount): void
+        {
+            $this->assertAcceptEntryAllowed($amount);
+    
+            $e = new Entry($this, $amount);
+            $this->entries[] = $e;
+            $this->balance += $amount;
+        }
+    }
+
+This is a very simple change, but all the tests still pass. Our
+account entities return the correct balance. Now calling the
+``Account::getBalance()`` method will not occur the overhead of
+loading all entries anymore. Adding a new Entry to the
+``Account::$entities`` will also not initialize the collection
+internally.
+
+Adding a new entry is therefore very performant and explicitly
+hooked into the domain model. It will only update the account with
+the current balance and insert the new entry into the database.
+
+Tackling Race Conditions with Aggregate Fields
+----------------------------------------------
+
+Whenever you denormalize your database schema race-conditions can
+potentially lead to inconsistent state. See this example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    use Bank\Entities\Account;
+
+    // The Account $accId has a balance of 0 and a max credit limit of 200:
+    // request 1 account
+    $account1 = $em->find(Account::class, $accId);
+    
+    // request 2 account
+    $account2 = $em->find(Account::class, $accId);
+    
+    $account1->addEntry(-200);
+    $account2->addEntry(-200);
+    
+    // now request 1 and 2 both flush the changes.
+
+The aggregate field ``Account::$balance`` is now -200, however the
+SUM over all entries amounts yields -400. A violation of our max
+credit rule.
+
+You can use both optimistic or pessimistic locking to safe-guard
+your aggregate fields against this kind of race-conditions. Reading
+Eric Evans DDD carefully he mentions that the "Aggregate Root"
+(Account in our example) needs a locking mechanism.
+
+Optimistic locking is as easy as adding a version column:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    class Account
+    {
+        /**
+         * @ORM\Column(type="integer")
+         * @ORM\Version
+         */
+        private int $version;
+    }
+
+The previous example would then throw an exception in the face of
+whatever request saves the entity last (and would create the
+inconsistent state).
+
+Pessimistic locking requires an additional flag set on the
+``EntityManager::find()`` call, enabling write locking directly in
+the database using a FOR UPDATE.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    use Bank\Entities\Account;
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode;
+
+    $account = $em->find(Account::class, $accId, LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_READ);
+
+Keeping Updates and Deletes in Sync
+-----------------------------------
+
+The example shown in this article does not allow changes to the
+value in ``Entry``, which considerably simplifies the effort to
+keep ``Account::$balance`` in sync. If your use-case allows fields
+to be updated or related entities to be removed you have to
+encapsulate this logic in your "Aggregate Root" entity and adjust
+the aggregate field accordingly.
+
+Conclusion
+----------
+
+This article described how to obtain aggregate values using DQL or
+your domain model. It showed how you can easily add an aggregate
+field that offers serious performance benefits over iterating all
+the related objects that make up an aggregate value. Finally I
+showed how you can ensure that your aggregate fields do not get out
+of sync due to race-conditions and concurrent access.

docs/en/cookbook/custom-mapping-types.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+Custom Mapping Types
+====================
+
+Doctrine allows you to create new mapping types. This can come in
+handy when you're missing a specific mapping type or when you want
+to replace the existing implementation of a mapping type.
+
+In order to create a new mapping type you need to subclass
+``Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type`` and implement/override the methods as
+you wish. Here is an example skeleton of such a custom type class:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    namespace My\Project\Types;
+
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type;
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\AbstractPlatform;
+
+    /**
+     * My custom datatype.
+     */
+    class MyType extends Type
+    {
+        const MYTYPE = 'mytype'; // modify to match your type name
+
+        public function getSQLDeclaration(array $fieldDeclaration, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            // return the SQL used to create your column type. To create a portable column type, use the $platform.
+        }
+
+        public function convertToPHPValue($value, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            // This is executed when the value is read from the database. Make your conversions here, optionally using the $platform.
+        }
+
+        public function convertToDatabaseValue($value, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            // This is executed when the value is written to the database. Make your conversions here, optionally using the $platform.
+        }
+
+        public function getName()
+        {
+            return self::MYTYPE; // modify to match your constant name
+        }
+    }
+
+.. note::
+
+    The following assumptions are applied to mapping types by the ORM:
+
+    -  The ``UnitOfWork`` never passes values to the database convert
+       method that did not change in the request.
+    -  The ``UnitOfWork`` internally assumes that entity identifiers are
+       castable to string. Hence, when using custom types that map to PHP
+       objects as IDs, such objects must implement the ``__toString()`` magic
+       method.
+
+When you have implemented the type you still need to let Doctrine
+know about it. This can be achieved through the
+``Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type#addType($name, $className)``
+method. See the following example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // in bootstrapping code
+
+    // ...
+
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type;
+
+    // ...
+
+    // Register my type
+    Type::addType('mytype', 'My\Project\Types\MyType');
+
+To convert the underlying database type of your
+new "mytype" directly into an instance of ``MyType`` when performing
+schema operations, the type has to be registered with the database
+platform as well:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $conn = $em->getConnection();
+    $conn->getDatabasePlatform()->registerDoctrineTypeMapping('db_mytype', 'mytype');
+
+When registering the custom types in the configuration you specify a unique
+name for the mapping type and map that to the corresponding fully qualified
+class name. Now the new type can be used when mapping columns:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class MyPersistentClass
+    {
+        /** @Column(type="mytype") */
+        private $field;
+    }
+

docs/en/cookbook/decorator-pattern.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+Persisting the Decorator Pattern
+================================
+
+.. sectionauthor:: Chris Woodford <chris.woodford@gmail.com>
+
+This recipe will show you a simple example of how you can use
+Doctrine ORM to persist an implementation of the
+`Decorator Pattern <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorator_pattern>`_
+
+Component
+---------
+
+The ``Component`` class needs to be persisted, so it's going to
+be an ``Entity``. As the top of the inheritance hierarchy, it's going
+to have to define the persistent inheritance. For this example, we
+will use Single Table Inheritance, but Class Table Inheritance
+would work as well. In the discriminator map, we will define two
+concrete subclasses, ``ConcreteComponent`` and ``ConcreteDecorator``.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    namespace Test;
+
+    /**
+     * @Entity
+     * @InheritanceType("SINGLE_TABLE")
+     * @DiscriminatorColumn(name="discr", type="string")
+     * @DiscriminatorMap({"cc" = "Test\Component\ConcreteComponent",
+        "cd" = "Test\Decorator\ConcreteDecorator"})
+     */
+    abstract class Component
+    {
+
+        /**
+         * @Id @Column(type="integer")
+         * @GeneratedValue(strategy="AUTO")
+         */
+        protected $id;
+
+        /** @Column(type="string", nullable=true) */
+        protected $name;
+
+        /**
+         * Get id
+         * @return integer $id
+         */
+        public function getId()
+        {
+            return $this->id;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Set name
+         * @param string $name
+         */
+        public function setName($name)
+        {
+            $this->name = $name;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get name
+         * @return string $name
+         */
+        public function getName()
+        {
+            return $this->name;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+ConcreteComponent
+-----------------
+
+The ``ConcreteComponent`` class is pretty simple and doesn't do much
+more than extend the abstract ``Component`` class (only for the
+purpose of keeping this example simple).
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    namespace Test\Component;
+
+    use Test\Component;
+
+    /** @Entity */
+    class ConcreteComponent extends Component
+    {}
+
+Decorator
+---------
+
+The ``Decorator`` class doesn't need to be persisted, but it does
+need to define an association with a persisted ``Entity``. We can
+use a ``MappedSuperclass`` for this.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    namespace Test;
+
+    /** @MappedSuperclass */
+    abstract class Decorator extends Component
+    {
+
+        /**
+         * @OneToOne(targetEntity="Test\Component", cascade={"all"})
+         * @JoinColumn(name="decorates", referencedColumnName="id")
+         */
+        protected $decorates;
+
+        /**
+         * initialize the decorator
+         * @param Component $c
+         */
+        public function __construct(Component $c)
+        {
+            $this->setDecorates($c);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * (non-PHPdoc)
+         * @see Test.Component::getName()
+         */
+        public function getName()
+        {
+    	    return 'Decorated ' . $this->getDecorates()->getName();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * the component being decorated
+         * @return Component
+         */
+        protected function getDecorates()
+        {
+    	    return $this->decorates;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * sets the component being decorated
+         * @param Component $c
+         */
+        protected function setDecorates(Component $c)
+        {
+    	    $this->decorates = $c;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+All operations on the ``Decorator`` (i.e. persist, remove, etc) will
+cascade from the ``Decorator`` to the ``Component``. This means that
+when we persist a ``Decorator``, Doctrine will take care of
+persisting the chain of decorated objects for us. A ``Decorator`` can
+be treated exactly as a ``Component`` when it comes time to
+persisting it.
+
+The ``Decorator's`` constructor accepts an instance of a
+``Component``, as defined by the ``Decorator`` pattern. The
+setDecorates/getDecorates methods have been defined as protected to
+hide the fact that a ``Decorator`` is decorating a ``Component`` and
+keeps the ``Component`` interface and the ``Decorator`` interface
+identical.
+
+To illustrate the intended result of the ``Decorator`` pattern, the
+getName() method has been overridden to append a string to the
+``Component's`` getName() method.
+
+ConcreteDecorator
+-----------------
+
+The final class required to complete a simple implementation of the
+Decorator pattern is the ``ConcreteDecorator``. In order to further
+illustrate how the ``Decorator`` can alter data as it moves through
+the chain of decoration, a new field, "special", has been added to
+this class. The getName() has been overridden and appends the value
+of the getSpecial() method to its return value.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    namespace Test\Decorator;
+
+    use Test\Decorator;
+
+    /** @Entity */
+    class ConcreteDecorator extends Decorator
+    {
+
+        /** @Column(type="string", nullable=true) */
+        protected $special;
+
+        /**
+         * Set special
+         * @param string $special
+         */
+        public function setSpecial($special)
+        {
+            $this->special = $special;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get special
+         * @return string $special
+         */
+        public function getSpecial()
+        {
+            return $this->special;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * (non-PHPdoc)
+         * @see Test.Component::getName()
+         */
+        public function getName()
+        {
+            return '[' . $this->getSpecial()
+                . '] ' . parent::getName();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+Examples
+--------
+
+Here is an example of how to persist and retrieve your decorated
+objects
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    use Test\Component\ConcreteComponent,
+        Test\Decorator\ConcreteDecorator;
+
+    // assumes Doctrine ORM is configured and an instance of
+    // an EntityManager is available as $em
+
+    // create a new concrete component
+    $c = new ConcreteComponent();
+    $c->setName('Test Component 1');
+    $em->persist($c); // assigned unique ID = 1
+
+    // create a new concrete decorator
+    $c = new ConcreteComponent();
+    $c->setName('Test Component 2');
+
+    $d = new ConcreteDecorator($c);
+    $d->setSpecial('Really');
+    $em->persist($d);
+    // assigns c as unique ID = 2, and d as unique ID = 3
+
+    $em->flush();
+
+    $c = $em->find('Test\Component', 1);
+    $d = $em->find('Test\Component', 3);
+
+    echo get_class($c);
+    // prints: Test\Component\ConcreteComponent
+
+    echo $c->getName();
+    // prints: Test Component 1
+
+    echo get_class($d)
+    // prints: Test\Component\ConcreteDecorator
+
+    echo $d->getName();
+    // prints: [Really] Decorated Test Component 2
+

docs/en/cookbook/dql-custom-walkers.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+Extending DQL in Doctrine ORM: Custom AST Walkers
+===============================================
+
+.. sectionauthor:: Benjamin Eberlei <kontakt@beberlei.de>
+
+The Doctrine Query Language (DQL) is a proprietary sql-dialect that
+substitutes tables and columns for Entity names and their fields.
+Using DQL you write a query against the database using your
+entities. With the help of the metadata you can write very concise,
+compact and powerful queries that are then translated into SQL by
+the Doctrine ORM.
+
+In Doctrine 1 the DQL language was not implemented using a real
+parser. This made modifications of the DQL by the user impossible.
+Doctrine ORM in contrast has a real parser for the DQL language,
+which transforms the DQL statement into an
+`Abstract Syntax Tree <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree>`_
+and generates the appropriate SQL statement for it. Since this
+process is deterministic Doctrine heavily caches the SQL that is
+generated from any given DQL query, which reduces the performance
+overhead of the parsing process to zero.
+
+You can modify the Abstract syntax tree by hooking into DQL parsing
+process by adding a Custom Tree Walker. A walker is an interface
+that walks each node of the Abstract syntax tree, thereby
+generating the SQL statement.
+
+There are two types of custom tree walkers that you can hook into
+the DQL parser:
+
+
+-  An output walker. This one actually generates the SQL, and there
+   is only ever one of them. We implemented the default SqlWalker
+   implementation for it.
+-  A tree walker. There can be many tree walkers, they cannot
+   generate the sql, however they can modify the AST before its
+   rendered to sql.
+
+Now this is all awfully technical, so let me come to some use-cases
+fast to keep you motivated. Using walker implementation you can for
+example:
+
+
+-  Modify the AST to generate a Count Query to be used with a
+   paginator for any given DQL query.
+-  Modify the Output Walker to generate vendor-specific SQL
+   (instead of ANSI).
+-  Modify the AST to add additional where clauses for specific
+   entities (example ACL, country-specific content...)
+-  Modify the Output walker to pretty print the SQL for debugging
+   purposes.
+
+In this cookbook-entry I will show examples on the first two
+points. There are probably much more use-cases.
+
+Generic count query for pagination
+----------------------------------
+
+Say you have a blog and posts all with one category and one author.
+A query for the front-page or any archive page might look something
+like:
+
+.. code-block:: sql
+
+    SELECT p, c, a FROM BlogPost p JOIN p.category c JOIN p.author a WHERE ...
+
+Now in this query the blog post is the root entity, meaning its the
+one that is hydrated directly from the query and returned as an
+array of blog posts. In contrast the comment and author are loaded
+for deeper use in the object tree.
+
+A pagination for this query would want to approximate the number of
+posts that match the WHERE clause of this query to be able to
+predict the number of pages to show to the user. A draft of the DQL
+query for pagination would look like:
+
+.. code-block:: sql
+
+    SELECT count(DISTINCT p.id) FROM BlogPost p JOIN p.category c JOIN p.author a WHERE ...
+
+Now you could go and write each of these queries by hand, or you
+can use a tree walker to modify the AST for you. Lets see how the
+API would look for this use-case:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $pageNum = 1;
+    $query = $em->createQuery($dql);
+    $query->setFirstResult( ($pageNum-1) * 20)->setMaxResults(20);
+    
+    $totalResults = Paginate::count($query);
+    $results = $query->getResult();
+
+The ``Paginate::count(Query $query)`` looks like:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class Paginate
+    {
+        static public function count(Query $query)
+        {
+            /* @var $countQuery Query */
+            $countQuery = clone $query;
+    
+            $countQuery->setHint(Query::HINT_CUSTOM_TREE_WALKERS, array('DoctrineExtensions\Paginate\CountSqlWalker'));
+            $countQuery->setFirstResult(null)->setMaxResults(null);
+    
+            return $countQuery->getSingleScalarResult();
+        }
+    }
+
+It clones the query, resets the limit clause first and max results
+and registers the ``CountSqlWalker`` custom tree walker which
+will modify the AST to execute a count query. The walkers
+implementation is:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class CountSqlWalker extends TreeWalkerAdapter
+    {
+        /**
+         * Walks down a SelectStatement AST node, thereby generating the appropriate SQL.
+         *
+         * @return string The SQL.
+         */
+        public function walkSelectStatement(SelectStatement $AST)
+        {
+            $parent = null;
+            $parentName = null;
+            foreach ($this->_getQueryComponents() as $dqlAlias => $qComp) {
+                if ($qComp['parent'] === null && $qComp['nestingLevel'] == 0) {
+                    $parent = $qComp;
+                    $parentName = $dqlAlias;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+    
+            $pathExpression = new PathExpression(
+                PathExpression::TYPE_STATE_FIELD | PathExpression::TYPE_SINGLE_VALUED_ASSOCIATION, $parentName,
+                $parent['metadata']->getSingleIdentifierFieldName()
+            );
+            $pathExpression->type = PathExpression::TYPE_STATE_FIELD;
+    
+            $AST->selectClause->selectExpressions = array(
+                new SelectExpression(
+                    new AggregateExpression('count', $pathExpression, true), null
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+This will delete any given select expressions and replace them with
+a distinct count query for the root entities primary key. This will
+only work if your entity has only one identifier field (composite
+keys won't work).
+
+Modify the Output Walker to generate Vendor specific SQL
+--------------------------------------------------------
+
+Most RMDBS have vendor-specific features for optimizing select
+query execution plans. You can write your own output walker to
+introduce certain keywords using the Query Hint API. A query hint
+can be set via ``Query::setHint($name, $value)`` as shown in the
+previous example with the ``HINT_CUSTOM_TREE_WALKERS`` query hint.
+
+We will implement a custom Output Walker that allows to specify the
+``SQL_NO_CACHE`` query hint.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $dql = "SELECT p, c, a FROM BlogPost p JOIN p.category c JOIN p.author a WHERE ...";
+    $query = $m->createQuery($dql);
+    $query->setHint(Query::HINT_CUSTOM_OUTPUT_WALKER, 'DoctrineExtensions\Query\MysqlWalker');
+    $query->setHint("mysqlWalker.sqlNoCache", true);
+    $results = $query->getResult();
+
+Our ``MysqlWalker`` will extend the default ``SqlWalker``. We will
+modify the generation of the SELECT clause, adding the
+``SQL_NO_CACHE`` on those queries that need it:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class MysqlWalker extends SqlWalker
+    {
+         /**
+         * Walks down a SelectClause AST node, thereby generating the appropriate SQL.
+         *
+         * @param $selectClause
+         * @return string The SQL.
+         */
+        public function walkSelectClause($selectClause)
+        {
+            $sql = parent::walkSelectClause($selectClause);
+    
+            if ($this->getQuery()->getHint('mysqlWalker.sqlNoCache') === true) {
+                if ($selectClause->isDistinct) {
+                    $sql = str_replace('SELECT DISTINCT', 'SELECT DISTINCT SQL_NO_CACHE', $sql);
+                } else {
+                    $sql = str_replace('SELECT', 'SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE', $sql);
+                }
+            }
+    
+            return $sql;
+        }
+    }
+
+Writing extensions to the Output Walker requires a very deep
+understanding of the DQL Parser and Walkers, but may offer your
+huge benefits with using vendor specific features. This would still
+allow you write DQL queries instead of NativeQueries to make use of
+vendor specific features.
+

docs/en/cookbook/dql-user-defined-functions.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+DQL User Defined Functions
+==========================
+
+.. sectionauthor:: Benjamin Eberlei <kontakt@beberlei.de>
+
+By default DQL supports a limited subset of all the vendor-specific
+SQL functions common between all the vendors. However in many cases
+once you have decided on a specific database vendor, you will never
+change it during the life of your project. This decision for a
+specific vendor potentially allows you to make use of powerful SQL
+features that are unique to the vendor.
+
+It is worth to mention that Doctrine ORM also allows you to handwrite
+your SQL instead of extending the DQL parser. Extending DQL is sort of an
+advanced extension point. You can map arbitrary SQL to your objects
+and gain access to vendor specific functionalities using the
+``EntityManager#createNativeQuery()`` API as described in
+the :doc:`Native Query <../reference/native-sql>` chapter.
+
+
+The DQL Parser has hooks to register functions that can then be
+used in your DQL queries and transformed into SQL, allowing to
+extend Doctrines Query capabilities to the vendors strength. This
+post explains the User-Defined Functions API (UDF) of the Dql
+Parser and shows some examples to give you some hints how you would
+extend DQL.
+
+There are three types of functions in DQL, those that return a
+numerical value, those that return a string and those that return a
+Date. Your custom method has to be registered as either one of
+those. The return type information is used by the DQL parser to
+check possible syntax errors during the parsing process, for
+example using a string function return value in a math expression.
+
+Registering your own DQL functions
+----------------------------------
+
+You can register your functions adding them to the ORM
+configuration:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $config = new \Doctrine\ORM\Configuration();
+    $config->addCustomStringFunction($name, $class);
+    $config->addCustomNumericFunction($name, $class);
+    $config->addCustomDatetimeFunction($name, $class);
+    
+    $em = EntityManager::create($dbParams, $config);
+
+The ``$name`` is the name the function will be referred to in the
+DQL query. ``$class`` is a string of a class-name which has to
+extend ``Doctrine\ORM\Query\Node\FunctionNode``. This is a class
+that offers all the necessary API and methods to implement a UDF.
+
+Instead of providing the function class name, you can also provide
+a callable that returns the function object:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $config = new \Doctrine\ORM\Configuration();
+    $config->addCustomStringFunction($name, function () {
+        return new MyCustomFunction();
+    });
+
+In this post we will implement some MySql specific Date calculation
+methods, which are quite handy in my opinion:
+
+Date Diff
+---------
+
+`Mysql's DateDiff function <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_datediff>`_
+takes two dates as argument and calculates the difference in days
+with ``date1-date2``.
+
+The DQL parser is a top-down recursive descent parser to generate
+the Abstract-Syntax Tree (AST) and uses a TreeWalker approach to
+generate the appropriate SQL from the AST. This makes reading the
+Parser/TreeWalker code manageable in a finite amount of time.
+
+The ``FunctionNode`` class I referred to earlier requires you to
+implement two methods, one for the parsing process (obviously)
+called ``parse`` and one for the TreeWalker process called
+``getSql()``. I show you the code for the DateDiff method and
+discuss it step by step:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * DateDiffFunction ::= "DATEDIFF" "(" ArithmeticPrimary "," ArithmeticPrimary ")"
+     */
+    class DateDiff extends FunctionNode
+    {
+        // (1)
+        public $firstDateExpression = null;
+        public $secondDateExpression = null;
+    
+        public function parse(\Doctrine\ORM\Query\Parser $parser)
+        {
+            $parser->match(Lexer::T_IDENTIFIER); // (2)
+            $parser->match(Lexer::T_OPEN_PARENTHESIS); // (3)
+            $this->firstDateExpression = $parser->ArithmeticPrimary(); // (4)
+            $parser->match(Lexer::T_COMMA); // (5)
+            $this->secondDateExpression = $parser->ArithmeticPrimary(); // (6)
+            $parser->match(Lexer::T_CLOSE_PARENTHESIS); // (3)
+        }
+    
+        public function getSql(\Doctrine\ORM\Query\SqlWalker $sqlWalker)
+        {
+            return 'DATEDIFF(' .
+                $this->firstDateExpression->dispatch($sqlWalker) . ', ' .
+                $this->secondDateExpression->dispatch($sqlWalker) .
+            ')'; // (7)
+        }
+    }
+
+The Parsing process of the DATEDIFF function is going to find two
+expressions the date1 and the date2 values, whose AST Node
+representations will be saved in the variables of the DateDiff
+FunctionNode instance at (1).
+
+The parse() method has to cut the function call "DATEDIFF" and its
+argument into pieces. Since the parser detects the function using a
+lookahead the T\_IDENTIFIER of the function name has to be taken
+from the stack (2), followed by a detection of the arguments in
+(4)-(6). The opening and closing parenthesis have to be detected
+also. This happens during the Parsing process and leads to the
+generation of a DateDiff FunctionNode somewhere in the AST of the
+dql statement.
+
+The ``ArithmeticPrimary`` method call is the most common
+denominator of valid EBNF tokens taken from the
+`DQL EBNF grammar <https://docs.doctrine-project.org/projects/doctrine-orm/en/latest/reference/dql-doctrine-query-language.html#ebnf>`_
+that matches our requirements for valid input into the DateDiff Dql
+function. Picking the right tokens for your methods is a tricky
+business, but the EBNF grammar is pretty helpful finding it, as is
+looking at the Parser source code.
+
+Now in the TreeWalker process we have to pick up this node and
+generate SQL from it, which apparently is quite easy looking at the
+code in (7). Since we don't know which type of AST Node the first
+and second Date expression are we are just dispatching them back to
+the SQL Walker to generate SQL from and then wrap our DATEDIFF
+function call around this output.
+
+Now registering this DateDiff FunctionNode with the ORM using:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $config = new \Doctrine\ORM\Configuration();
+    $config->addCustomStringFunction('DATEDIFF', 'DoctrineExtensions\Query\MySql\DateDiff');
+
+We can do fancy stuff like:
+
+.. code-block:: sql
+
+    SELECT p FROM DoctrineExtensions\Query\BlogPost p WHERE DATEDIFF(CURRENT_TIME(), p.created) < 7
+
+Date Add
+--------
+
+Often useful it the ability to do some simple date calculations in
+your DQL query using
+`MySql's DATE_ADD function <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_date-add>`_.
+
+I'll skip the blah and show the code for this function:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * DateAddFunction ::=
+     *     "DATE_ADD" "(" ArithmeticPrimary ", INTERVAL" ArithmeticPrimary Identifier ")"
+     */
+    class DateAdd extends FunctionNode
+    {
+        public $firstDateExpression = null;
+        public $intervalExpression = null;
+        public $unit = null;
+    
+        public function parse(\Doctrine\ORM\Query\Parser $parser)
+        {
+            $parser->match(Lexer::T_IDENTIFIER);
+            $parser->match(Lexer::T_OPEN_PARENTHESIS);
+    
+            $this->firstDateExpression = $parser->ArithmeticPrimary();
+    
+            $parser->match(Lexer::T_COMMA);
+            $parser->match(Lexer::T_IDENTIFIER);
+    
+            $this->intervalExpression = $parser->ArithmeticPrimary();
+    
+            $parser->match(Lexer::T_IDENTIFIER);
+    
+            /* @var $lexer Lexer */
+            $lexer = $parser->getLexer();
+            $this->unit = $lexer->token['value'];
+    
+            $parser->match(Lexer::T_CLOSE_PARENTHESIS);
+        }
+    
+        public function getSql(\Doctrine\ORM\Query\SqlWalker $sqlWalker)
+        {
+            return 'DATE_ADD(' .
+                $this->firstDateExpression->dispatch($sqlWalker) . ', INTERVAL ' .
+                $this->intervalExpression->dispatch($sqlWalker) . ' ' . $this->unit .
+            ')';
+        }
+    }
+
+The only difference compared to the DATEDIFF here is, we
+additionally need the ``Lexer`` to access the value of the
+``T_IDENTIFIER`` token for the Date Interval unit, for example the
+MONTH in:
+
+.. code-block:: sql
+
+    SELECT p FROM DoctrineExtensions\Query\BlogPost p WHERE DATE_ADD(CURRENT_TIME(), INTERVAL 4 MONTH) > p.created
+
+The above method now only supports the specification using
+``INTERVAL``, to also allow a real date in DATE\_ADD we need to add
+some decision logic to the parsing process (makes up for a nice
+exercise).
+
+Now as you see, the Parsing process doesn't catch all the possible
+SQL errors, here we don't match for all the valid inputs for the
+interval unit. However where necessary we rely on the database
+vendors SQL parser to show us further errors in the parsing
+process, for example if the Unit would not be one of the supported
+values by MySql.
+
+Conclusion
+----------
+
+Now that you all know how you can implement vendor specific SQL
+functionalities in DQL, we would be excited to see user extensions
+that add vendor specific function packages, for example more math
+functions, XML + GIS Support, Hashing functions and so on.
+
+For ORM we will come with the current set of functions, however for
+a future version we will re-evaluate if we can abstract even more
+vendor sql functions and extend the DQL languages scope.
+
+Code for this Extension to DQL and other Doctrine Extensions can be
+found
+`in the GitHub DoctrineExtensions repository <https://github.com/beberlei/DoctrineExtensions>`_.
+
+

docs/en/cookbook/entities-in-session.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+Entities in the Session
+=======================
+
+There are several use-cases to save entities in the session, for example:
+
+1.  User data
+2.  Multi-step forms
+
+To achieve this with Doctrine you have to pay attention to some details to get
+this working.
+
+Updating an entity
+------------------
+
+In Doctrine an entity objects has to be "managed" by an EntityManager to be
+updatable. Entities saved into the session are not managed in the next request
+anymore. This means that you have to update the entities with the stored session
+data after you fetch the entities from the EntityManager again.
+
+For a representative User object the code to get data from the session into a
+managed Doctrine object can look like these examples:
+
+Working with scalars
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+In simpler applications there is no need to work with objects in sessions and you can use
+separate session elements.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    require_once 'bootstrap.php';
+
+    session_start();
+    if (isset($_SESSION['userId']) && is_int($_SESSION['userId'])) {
+        $userId = $_SESSION['userId'];
+
+        $em = GetEntityManager(); // creates an EntityManager
+        $user = $em->find(User::class, $userId);
+
+        $user->setValue($_SESSION['storedValue']);
+
+        $em->flush();
+    }
+
+Working with custom data transfer objects
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If objects are needed, we discourage the storage of entity objects in the session. It's
+preferable to use a `DTO (data transfer object) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transfer_object>`_
+instead and merge the DTO data later with the entity.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    require_once 'bootstrap.php';
+
+    session_start();
+    if (isset($_SESSION['user']) && $_SESSION['user'] instanceof UserDto) {
+        $userDto = $_SESSION['user'];
+
+        $em = GetEntityManager(); // creates an EntityManager
+        $userEntity = $em->find(User::class, $userDto->getId());
+
+        $userEntity->populateFromDto($userDto);
+
+        $em->flush();
+    }
+
+Serializing entity into the session
+-----------------------------------
+
+Entities that are serialized into the session normally contain references to
+other entities as well. Think of the user entity has a reference to their
+articles, groups, photos or many other different entities. If you serialize
+this object into the session then you don't want to serialize the related
+entities as well. This is why you shouldn't serialize an entity and use
+only the needed values of it. This can happen with the help of a DTO.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    require_once 'bootstrap.php';
+
+    $em = GetEntityManager(); // creates an EntityManager 
+
+    $user = $em->find("User", 1);
+    $userDto = new UserDto($user->getId(), $user->getFirstName(), $user->getLastName());
+    // or "UserDto::createFrom($user);", but don't store an entity in a property. Only its values without relations.
+
+    $_SESSION['user'] = $userDto;
+
+

docs/en/cookbook/implementing-arrayaccess-for-domain-objects.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+Implementing ArrayAccess for Domain Objects
+===========================================
+
+.. sectionauthor:: Roman Borschel (roman@code-factory.org)
+
+This recipe will show you how to implement ArrayAccess for your
+domain objects in order to allow more uniform access, for example
+in templates. In these examples we will implement ArrayAccess on a
+`Layer Supertype <https://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/layerSupertype.html>`_
+for all our domain objects.
+
+Option 1
+--------
+
+In this implementation we will make use of PHPs highly dynamic
+nature to dynamically access properties of a subtype in a supertype
+at runtime. Note that this implementation has 2 main caveats:
+
+
+-  It will not work with private fields
+-  It will not go through any getters/setters
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    abstract class DomainObject implements ArrayAccess
+    {
+        public function offsetExists($offset) {
+            return isset($this->$offset);
+        }
+    
+        public function offsetSet($offset, $value) {
+            $this->$offset = $value;
+        }
+    
+        public function offsetGet($offset) {
+            return $this->$offset;
+        }
+    
+        public function offsetUnset($offset) {
+            $this->$offset = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+Option 2
+--------
+
+In this implementation we will dynamically invoke getters/setters.
+Again we use PHPs dynamic nature to invoke methods on a subtype
+from a supertype at runtime. This implementation has the following
+caveats:
+
+
+-  It relies on a naming convention
+-  The semantics of offsetExists can differ
+-  offsetUnset will not work with typehinted setters
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    abstract class DomainObject implements ArrayAccess
+    {
+        public function offsetExists($offset) {
+            // In this example we say that exists means it is not null
+            $value = $this->{"get$offset"}();
+            return $value !== null;
+        }
+    
+        public function offsetSet($offset, $value) {
+            $this->{"set$offset"}($value);
+        }
+    
+        public function offsetGet($offset) {
+            return $this->{"get$offset"}();
+        }
+    
+        public function offsetUnset($offset) {
+            $this->{"set$offset"}(null);
+        }
+    }
+
+Read-only
+---------
+
+You can slightly tweak option 1 or option 2 in order to make array
+access read-only. This will also circumvent some of the caveats of
+each option. Simply make offsetSet and offsetUnset throw an
+exception (i.e. BadMethodCallException).
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    abstract class DomainObject implements ArrayAccess
+    {
+        public function offsetExists($offset) {
+            // option 1 or option 2
+        }
+    
+        public function offsetSet($offset, $value) {
+            throw new BadMethodCallException("Array access of class " . get_class($this) . " is read-only!");
+        }
+    
+        public function offsetGet($offset) {
+            // option 1 or option 2
+        }
+    
+        public function offsetUnset($offset) {
+            throw new BadMethodCallException("Array access of class " . get_class($this) . " is read-only!");
+        }
+    }
+
+

docs/en/cookbook/implementing-the-notify-changetracking-policy.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+Implementing the Notify ChangeTracking Policy
+=============================================
+
+.. sectionauthor:: Roman Borschel (roman@code-factory.org)
+
+The NOTIFY change-tracking policy is the most effective
+change-tracking policy provided by Doctrine but it requires some
+boilerplate code. This recipe will show you how this boilerplate
+code should look like. We will implement it on a
+`Layer Supertype <https://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/layerSupertype.html>`_
+for all our domain objects.
+
+.. note::
+
+    The notify change tracking policy is deprecated and will be removed in ORM 3.0.
+    (`Details <https://github.com/doctrine/orm/issues/8383>`_)
+
+Implementing NotifyPropertyChanged
+----------------------------------
+
+The NOTIFY policy is based on the assumption that the entities
+notify interested listeners of changes to their properties. For
+that purpose, a class that wants to use this policy needs to
+implement the ``NotifyPropertyChanged`` interface from the
+``Doctrine\Common`` namespace.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\Persistence\NotifyPropertyChanged;
+    use Doctrine\Persistence\PropertyChangedListener;
+    
+    abstract class DomainObject implements NotifyPropertyChanged
+    {
+        private $listeners = array();
+    
+        public function addPropertyChangedListener(PropertyChangedListener $listener) {
+            $this->listeners[] = $listener;
+        }
+    
+        /** Notifies listeners of a change. */
+        protected function onPropertyChanged($propName, $oldValue, $newValue) {
+            if ($this->listeners) {
+                foreach ($this->listeners as $listener) {
+                    $listener->propertyChanged($this, $propName, $oldValue, $newValue);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+Then, in each property setter of concrete, derived domain classes,
+you need to invoke onPropertyChanged as follows to notify
+listeners:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // Mapping not shown, either in annotations, xml or yaml as usual
+    class MyEntity extends DomainObject
+    {
+        private $data;
+        // ... other fields as usual
+    
+        public function setData($data) {
+            if ($data != $this->data) { // check: is it actually modified?
+                $this->onPropertyChanged('data', $this->data, $data);
+                $this->data = $data;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+The check whether the new value is different from the old one is
+not mandatory but recommended. That way you can avoid unnecessary
+updates and also have full control over when you consider a
+property changed.
+
+

docs/en/cookbook/implementing-wakeup-or-clone.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+Implementing Wakeup or Clone
+============================
+
+.. sectionauthor:: Roman Borschel (roman@code-factory.org)
+
+As explained in the
+`restrictions for entity classes in the manual <https://docs.doctrine-project.org/projects/doctrine-orm/en/latest/reference/architecture.html#entities>`_,
+it is usually not allowed for an entity to implement ``__wakeup``
+or ``__clone``, because Doctrine makes special use of them.
+However, it is quite easy to make use of these methods in a safe
+way by guarding the custom wakeup or clone code with an entity
+identity check, as demonstrated in the following sections.
+
+Safely implementing __wakeup
+----------------------------
+
+To safely implement ``__wakeup``, simply enclose your
+implementation code in an identity check as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class MyEntity
+    {
+        private $id; // This is the identifier of the entity.
+        // ...
+    
+        public function __wakeup()
+        {
+            // If the entity has an identity, proceed as normal.
+            if ($this->id) {
+                // ... Your code here as normal ...
+            }
+            // otherwise do nothing, do NOT throw an exception!
+        }
+    
+        // ...
+    }
+
+Safely implementing __clone
+---------------------------
+
+Safely implementing ``__clone`` is pretty much the same:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class MyEntity
+    {
+        private $id; // This is the identifier of the entity.
+        // ...
+    
+        public function __clone()
+        {
+            // If the entity has an identity, proceed as normal.
+            if ($this->id) {
+                // ... Your code here as normal ...
+            }
+            // otherwise do nothing, do NOT throw an exception!
+        }
+    
+        // ...
+    }
+
+Summary
+-------
+
+As you have seen, it is quite easy to safely make use of
+``__wakeup`` and ``__clone`` in your entities without adding any
+really Doctrine-specific or Doctrine-dependant code.
+
+These implementations are possible and safe because when Doctrine
+invokes these methods, the entities never have an identity (yet).
+Furthermore, it is possibly a good idea to check for the identity
+in your code anyway, since it's rarely the case that you want to
+unserialize or clone an entity with no identity.
+
+

docs/en/cookbook/mysql-enums.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+Mysql Enums
+===========
+
+The type system of Doctrine ORM consists of flyweights, which means there is only
+one instance of any given type. Additionally types do not contain state. Both
+assumptions make it rather complicated to work with the Enum Type of MySQL that
+is used quite a lot by developers.
+
+When using Enums with a non-tweaked Doctrine ORM application you will get
+errors from the Schema-Tool commands due to the unknown database type "enum".
+By default Doctrine does not map the MySQL enum type to a Doctrine type.
+This is because Enums contain state (their allowed values) and Doctrine
+types don't.
+
+This cookbook entry shows two possible solutions to work with MySQL enums.
+But first a word of warning. The MySQL Enum type has considerable downsides:
+
+-  Adding new values requires to rebuild the whole table, which can take hours
+   depending on the size.
+-  Enums are ordered in the way the values are specified, not in their "natural" order.
+-  Enums validation mechanism for allowed values is not necessarily good,
+   specifying invalid values leads to an empty enum for the default MySQL error
+   settings. You can easily replicate the "allow only some values" requirement
+   in your Doctrine entities.
+
+Solution 1: Mapping to Varchars
+-------------------------------
+
+You can map ENUMs to varchars. You can register MySQL ENUMs to map to Doctrine
+varchars. This way Doctrine always resolves ENUMs to Doctrine varchars. It
+will even detect this match correctly when using SchemaTool update commands.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $conn = $em->getConnection();
+    $conn->getDatabasePlatform()->registerDoctrineTypeMapping('enum', 'string');
+
+In this case you have to ensure that each varchar field that is an enum in the
+database only gets passed the allowed values. You can easily enforce this in your
+entities:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /** @Entity */
+    class Article
+    {
+        const STATUS_VISIBLE = 'visible';
+        const STATUS_INVISIBLE = 'invisible';
+
+        /** @Column(type="string") */
+        private $status;
+
+        public function setStatus($status)
+        {
+            if (!in_array($status, array(self::STATUS_VISIBLE, self::STATUS_INVISIBLE))) {
+                throw new \InvalidArgumentException("Invalid status");
+            }
+            $this->status = $status;
+        }
+    }
+
+If you want to actively create enums through the Doctrine Schema-Tool by using
+the **columnDefinition** attribute.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /** @Entity */
+    class Article
+    {
+        /** @Column(type="string", columnDefinition="ENUM('visible', 'invisible')") */
+        private $status;
+    }
+
+In this case however Schema-Tool update will have a hard time not to request changes for this column on each call.
+
+Solution 2: Defining a Type
+---------------------------
+
+You can make a stateless ENUM type by creating a type class for each unique set of ENUM values.
+For example for the previous enum type:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    namespace MyProject\DBAL;
+
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type;
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\AbstractPlatform;
+
+    class EnumVisibilityType extends Type
+    {
+        const ENUM_VISIBILITY = 'enumvisibility';
+        const STATUS_VISIBLE = 'visible';
+        const STATUS_INVISIBLE = 'invisible';
+
+        public function getSQLDeclaration(array $fieldDeclaration, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            return "ENUM('visible', 'invisible')";
+        }
+
+        public function convertToPHPValue($value, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        public function convertToDatabaseValue($value, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            if (!in_array($value, array(self::STATUS_VISIBLE, self::STATUS_INVISIBLE))) {
+                throw new \InvalidArgumentException("Invalid status");
+            }
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        public function getName()
+        {
+            return self::ENUM_VISIBILITY;
+        }
+
+        public function requiresSQLCommentHint(AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+You can register this type with ``Type::addType('enumvisibility', 'MyProject\DBAL\EnumVisibilityType');``.
+Then in your entity you can just use this type:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /** @Entity */
+    class Article
+    {
+        /** @Column(type="enumvisibility") */
+        private $status;
+    }
+
+You can generalize this approach easily to create a base class for enums:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    namespace MyProject\DBAL;
+
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type;
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\AbstractPlatform;
+
+    abstract class EnumType extends Type
+    {
+        protected $name;
+        protected $values = array();
+
+        public function getSQLDeclaration(array $fieldDeclaration, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            $values = array_map(function($val) { return "'".$val."'"; }, $this->values);
+
+            return "ENUM(".implode(", ", $values).")";
+        }
+
+        public function convertToPHPValue($value, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        public function convertToDatabaseValue($value, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            if (!in_array($value, $this->values)) {
+                throw new \InvalidArgumentException("Invalid '".$this->name."' value.");
+            }
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        public function getName()
+        {
+            return $this->name;
+        }
+
+        public function requiresSQLCommentHint(AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+With this base class you can define an enum as easily as:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    namespace MyProject\DBAL;
+
+    class EnumVisibilityType extends EnumType
+    {
+        protected $name = 'enumvisibility';
+        protected $values = array('visible', 'invisible');
+    }
+

docs/en/cookbook/resolve-target-entity-listener.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+Keeping your Modules independent
+=================================
+
+One of the goals of using modules is to create discrete units of functionality
+that do not have many (if any) dependencies, allowing you to use that
+functionality in other applications without including unnecessary items.
+
+Doctrine ORM includes a new utility called the ``ResolveTargetEntityListener``,
+that functions by intercepting certain calls inside Doctrine and rewrite
+targetEntity parameters in your metadata mapping at runtime. It means that
+in your bundle you are able to use an interface or abstract class in your
+mappings and expect correct mapping to a concrete entity at runtime.
+
+This functionality allows you to define relationships between different entities
+but not making them hard dependencies.
+
+Background
+----------
+
+In the following example, the situation is we have an `InvoiceModule`
+which provides invoicing functionality, and a `CustomerModule` that
+contains customer management tools. We want to keep these separated,
+because they can be used in other systems without each other, but for
+our application we want to use them together.
+
+In this case, we have an ``Invoice`` entity with a relationship to a
+non-existent object, an ``InvoiceSubjectInterface``. The goal is to get
+the ``ResolveTargetEntityListener`` to replace any mention of the interface
+with a real object that implements that interface.
+
+Set up
+------
+
+We're going to use the following basic entities (which are incomplete
+for brevity) to explain how to set up and use the RTEL.
+
+A Customer entity
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // src/Acme/AppModule/Entity/Customer.php
+
+    namespace Acme\AppModule\Entity;
+
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;
+    use Acme\CustomerModule\Entity\Customer as BaseCustomer;
+    use Acme\InvoiceModule\Model\InvoiceSubjectInterface;
+
+    /**
+     * @ORM\Entity
+     * @ORM\Table(name="customer")
+     */
+    class Customer extends BaseCustomer implements InvoiceSubjectInterface
+    {
+        // In our example, any methods defined in the InvoiceSubjectInterface
+        // are already implemented in the BaseCustomer
+    }
+
+An Invoice entity
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // src/Acme/InvoiceModule/Entity/Invoice.php
+
+    namespace Acme\InvoiceModule\Entity;
+
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping AS ORM;
+    use Acme\InvoiceModule\Model\InvoiceSubjectInterface;
+
+    /**
+     * Represents an Invoice.
+     *
+     * @ORM\Entity
+     * @ORM\Table(name="invoice")
+     */
+    class Invoice
+    {
+        /**
+         * @ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity="Acme\InvoiceModule\Model\InvoiceSubjectInterface")
+         * @var InvoiceSubjectInterface
+         */
+        protected $subject;
+    }
+
+An InvoiceSubjectInterface
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // src/Acme/InvoiceModule/Model/InvoiceSubjectInterface.php
+
+    namespace Acme\InvoiceModule\Model;
+
+    /**
+     * An interface that the invoice Subject object should implement.
+     * In most circumstances, only a single object should implement
+     * this interface as the ResolveTargetEntityListener can only
+     * change the target to a single object.
+     */
+    interface InvoiceSubjectInterface
+    {
+        // List any additional methods that your InvoiceModule
+        // will need to access on the subject so that you can
+        // be sure that you have access to those methods.
+
+        /**
+         * @return string
+         */
+        public function getName();
+    }
+
+Next, we need to configure the listener. Add this to the area you set up Doctrine. You
+must set this up in the way outlined below, otherwise you can not be guaranteed that
+the targetEntity resolution will occur reliably:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $evm  = new \Doctrine\Common\EventManager;
+    $rtel = new \Doctrine\ORM\Tools\ResolveTargetEntityListener;
+
+    // Adds a target-entity class
+    $rtel->addResolveTargetEntity('Acme\\InvoiceModule\\Model\\InvoiceSubjectInterface', 'Acme\\CustomerModule\\Entity\\Customer', array());
+
+    // Add the ResolveTargetEntityListener
+    $evm->addEventListener(Doctrine\ORM\Events::loadClassMetadata, $rtel);
+
+    $em = \Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager::create($connectionOptions, $config, $evm);
+
+Final Thoughts
+--------------
+
+With the ``ResolveTargetEntityListener``, we are able to decouple our
+bundles, keeping them usable by themselves, but still being able to
+define relationships between different objects. By using this method,
+I've found my bundles end up being easier to maintain independently.
+
+

docs/en/cookbook/sql-table-prefixes.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+SQL-Table Prefixes
+==================
+
+This recipe is intended as an example of implementing a
+loadClassMetadata listener to provide a Table Prefix option for
+your application. The method used below is not a hack, but fully
+integrates into the Doctrine system, all SQL generated will include
+the appropriate table prefix.
+
+In most circumstances it is desirable to separate different
+applications into individual databases, but in certain cases, it
+may be beneficial to have a table prefix for your Entities to
+separate them from other vendor products in the same database.
+
+Implementing the listener
+-------------------------
+
+The listener in this example has been set up with the
+DoctrineExtensions namespace. You create this file in your
+library/DoctrineExtensions directory, but will need to set up
+appropriate autoloaders.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    
+    namespace DoctrineExtensions;
+    use \Doctrine\ORM\Event\LoadClassMetadataEventArgs;
+    
+    class TablePrefix
+    {
+        protected $prefix = '';
+    
+        public function __construct($prefix)
+        {
+            $this->prefix = (string) $prefix;
+        }
+    
+        public function loadClassMetadata(LoadClassMetadataEventArgs $eventArgs)
+        {
+            $classMetadata = $eventArgs->getClassMetadata();
+
+            if (!$classMetadata->isInheritanceTypeSingleTable() || $classMetadata->getName() === $classMetadata->rootEntityName) {
+                $classMetadata->setPrimaryTable([
+                    'name' => $this->prefix . $classMetadata->getTableName()
+                ]);
+            }
+
+            foreach ($classMetadata->getAssociationMappings() as $fieldName => $mapping) {
+                if ($mapping['type'] == \Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\ClassMetadataInfo::MANY_TO_MANY && $mapping['isOwningSide']) {
+                    $mappedTableName = $mapping['joinTable']['name'];
+                    $classMetadata->associationMappings[$fieldName]['joinTable']['name'] = $this->prefix . $mappedTableName;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+Telling the EntityManager about our listener
+--------------------------------------------
+
+A listener of this type must be set up before the EntityManager has
+been initialised, otherwise an Entity might be created or cached
+before the prefix has been set.
+
+.. note::
+
+    If you set this listener up, be aware that you will need
+    to clear your caches and drop then recreate your database schema.
+
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    
+    // $connectionOptions and $config set earlier
+    
+    $evm = new \Doctrine\Common\EventManager;
+    
+    // Table Prefix
+    $tablePrefix = new \DoctrineExtensions\TablePrefix('prefix_');
+    $evm->addEventListener(\Doctrine\ORM\Events::loadClassMetadata, $tablePrefix);
+    
+    $em = \Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager::create($connectionOptions, $config, $evm);
+
+

docs/en/cookbook/strategy-cookbook-introduction.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+Strategy-Pattern
+================
+
+This recipe will give you a short introduction on how to design
+similar entities without using expensive (i.e. slow) inheritance
+but with not more than *the well-known strategy pattern* event
+listeners
+
+Scenario / Problem
+------------------
+
+Given a Content-Management-System, we probably want to add / edit
+some so-called "blocks" and "panels". What are they for?
+
+
+-  A block might be a registration form, some text content, a table
+   with information. A good example might also be a small calendar.
+-  A panel is by definition a block that can itself contain blocks.
+   A good example for a panel might be a sidebar box: You could easily
+   add a small calendar into it.
+
+So, in this scenario, when building your CMS, you will surely add
+lots of blocks and panels to your pages and you will find yourself
+highly uncomfortable because of the following:
+
+
+-  Every existing page needs to know about the panels it contains -
+   therefore, you'll have an association to your panels. But if you've
+   got several types of panels - what do you do? Add an association to
+   every panel-type? This wouldn't be flexible. You might be tempted
+   to add an AbstractPanelEntity and an AbstractBlockEntity that use
+   class inheritance. Your page could then only confer to the
+   AbstractPanelType and Doctrine ORM would do the rest for you, i.e.
+   load the right entities. But - you'll for sure have lots of panels
+   and blocks, and even worse, you'd have to edit the discriminator
+   map *manually* every time you or another developer implements a new
+   block / entity. This would tear down any effort of modular
+   programming.
+
+Therefore, we need something that's far more flexible.
+
+Solution
+--------
+
+The solution itself is pretty easy. We will have one base class
+that will be loaded via the page and that has specific behaviour -
+a Block class might render the front-end and even the backend, for
+example. Now, every block that you'll write might look different or
+need different data - therefore, we'll offer an API to these
+methods but internally, we use a strategy that exactly knows what
+to do.
+
+First of all, we need to make sure that we have an interface that
+contains every needed action. Such actions would be rendering the
+front-end or the backend, solving dependencies (blocks that are
+supposed to be placed in the sidebar could refuse to be placed in
+the middle of your page, for example).
+
+Such an interface could look like this:
+
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * This interface defines the basic actions that a block / panel needs to support.
+     *
+     * Every blockstrategy is *only* responsible for rendering a block and declaring some basic
+     * support, but *not* for updating its configuration etc. For this purpose, use controllers
+     * and models.
+     */
+    interface BlockStrategyInterface {
+        /**
+         * This could configure your entity
+         */
+        public function setConfig(Config\EntityConfig $config);
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the config this strategy is configured with.
+         * @return Core\Model\Config\EntityConfig
+         */
+        public function getConfig();
+
+        /**
+         * Set the view object.
+         * @param  \Zend_View_Interface $view
+         * @return \Zend_View_Helper_Interface
+         */
+        public function setView(\Zend_View_Interface $view);
+   
+        /**
+         * @return \Zend_View_Interface
+         */
+        public function getView();
+   
+        /**
+         * Renders this strategy. This method will be called when the user
+         * displays the site.
+         *
+         * @return string
+         */
+        public function renderFrontend();
+   
+        /**
+         * Renders the backend of this block. This method will be called when
+         * a user tries to reconfigure this block instance.
+         *
+         * Most of the time, this method will return / output a simple form which in turn
+         * calls some controllers.
+         *
+         * @return string
+         */
+        public function renderBackend();
+
+        /**
+         * Returns all possible types of panels this block can be stacked onto
+         *
+         * @return array
+         */
+        public function getRequiredPanelTypes();
+   
+        /**
+         * Determines whether a Block is able to use a given type or not
+         * @param string $typeName The typename
+         * @return boolean
+         */
+        public function canUsePanelType($typeName);
+   
+        public function setBlockEntity(AbstractBlock $block);
+
+        public function getBlockEntity();
+    }
+   
+As you can see, we have a method "setBlockEntity" which ties a potential strategy to an object of type AbstractBlock. This type will simply define the basic behaviour of our blocks and could potentially look something like this:
+   
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * This is the base class for both Panels and Blocks.
+     * It shouldn't be extended by your own blocks - simply write a strategy!
+     */
+    abstract class AbstractBlock {
+        /**
+         * The id of the block item instance
+         * This is a doctrine field, so you need to setup generation for it
+         * @var integer
+         */
+        private $id;
+
+        // Add code for relation to the parent panel, configuration objects, ....
+
+        /**
+         * This var contains the classname of the strategy
+         * that is used for this blockitem. (This string (!) value will be persisted by Doctrine ORM)
+         *
+         * This is a doctrine field, so make sure that you use an @column annotation or setup your
+         * yaml or xml files correctly
+         * @var string
+         */
+        protected $strategyClassName;
+
+        /**
+         * This var contains an instance of $this->blockStrategy. Will not be persisted by Doctrine ORM.
+         *
+         * @var BlockStrategyInterface
+         */
+        protected $strategyInstance;
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the strategy that is used for this blockitem.
+         *
+         * The strategy itself defines how this block can be rendered etc.
+         *
+         * @return string
+         */
+        public function getStrategyClassName() {
+            return $this->strategyClassName;
+        }
+    
+        /**
+         * Returns the instantiated strategy
+         *
+         * @return BlockStrategyInterface
+         */
+        public function getStrategyInstance() {
+            return $this->strategyInstance;
+        }
+    
+        /**
+         * Sets the strategy this block / panel should work as. Make sure that you've used
+         * this method before persisting the block!
+         *
+         * @param BlockStrategyInterface $strategy
+         */
+        public function setStrategy(BlockStrategyInterface $strategy) {
+            $this->strategyInstance  = $strategy;
+            $this->strategyClassName = get_class($strategy);
+            $strategy->setBlockEntity($this);
+        }
+
+Now, the important point is that $strategyClassName is a Doctrine ORM
+field, i.e. Doctrine will persist this value. This is only the
+class name of your strategy and not an instance!
+
+Finishing your strategy pattern, we hook into the Doctrine postLoad
+event and check whether a block has been loaded. If so, you will
+initialize it - i.e. get the strategies classname, create an
+instance of it and set it via setStrategyBlock().
+
+This might look like this:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use \Doctrine\ORM,
+        \Doctrine\Common;
+    
+    /**
+     * The BlockStrategyEventListener will initialize a strategy after the
+     * block itself was loaded.
+     */
+    class BlockStrategyEventListener implements Common\EventSubscriber {
+    
+        protected $view;
+    
+        public function __construct(\Zend_View_Interface $view) {
+            $this->view = $view;
+        }
+    
+        public function getSubscribedEvents() {
+           return array(ORM\Events::postLoad);
+        }
+    
+        public function postLoad(ORM\Event\LifecycleEventArgs $args) {
+            $blockItem = $args->getEntity();
+    
+            // Both blocks and panels are instances of Block\AbstractBlock
+            if ($blockItem instanceof Block\AbstractBlock) {
+                $strategy  = $blockItem->getStrategyClassName();
+                $strategyInstance = new $strategy();
+                if (null !== $blockItem->getConfig()) {
+                    $strategyInstance->setConfig($blockItem->getConfig());
+                }
+                $strategyInstance->setView($this->view);
+                $blockItem->setStrategy($strategyInstance);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+In this example, even some variables are set - like a view object
+or a specific configuration object.
+
+

docs/en/cookbook/validation-of-entities.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+Validation of Entities
+======================
+
+.. sectionauthor:: Benjamin Eberlei <kontakt@beberlei.de>
+
+Doctrine ORM does not ship with any internal validators, the reason
+being that we think all the frameworks out there already ship with
+quite decent ones that can be integrated into your Domain easily.
+What we offer are hooks to execute any kind of validation.
+
+.. note::
+
+    You don't need to validate your entities in the lifecycle
+    events. Its only one of many options. Of course you can also
+    perform validations in value setters or any other method of your
+    entities that are used in your code.
+
+
+Entities can register lifecycle event methods with Doctrine that
+are called on different occasions. For validation we would need to
+hook into the events called before persisting and updating. Even
+though we don't support validation out of the box, the
+implementation is even simpler than in Doctrine 1 and you will get
+the additional benefit of being able to re-use your validation in
+any other part of your domain.
+
+Say we have an ``Order`` with several ``OrderLine`` instances. We
+never want to allow any customer to order for a larger sum than they
+are allowed to:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class Order
+    {
+        public function assertCustomerAllowedBuying()
+        {
+            $orderLimit = $this->customer->getOrderLimit();
+    
+            $amount = 0;
+            foreach ($this->orderLines as $line) {
+                $amount += $line->getAmount();
+            }
+    
+            if ($amount > $orderLimit) {
+                throw new CustomerOrderLimitExceededException();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+Now this is some pretty important piece of business logic in your
+code, enforcing it at any time is important so that customers with
+a unknown reputation don't owe your business too much money.
+
+We can enforce this constraint in any of the metadata drivers.
+First Annotations:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * @Entity
+     * @HasLifecycleCallbacks
+     */
+    class Order
+    {
+        /**
+         * @PrePersist @PreUpdate
+         */
+        public function assertCustomerAllowedBuying() {}
+    }
+
+In XML Mappings:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <doctrine-mapping>
+        <entity name="Order">
+            <lifecycle-callbacks>
+                <lifecycle-callback type="prePersist" method="assertCustomerallowedBuying" />
+                <lifecycle-callback type="preUpdate" method="assertCustomerallowedBuying" />
+            </lifecycle-callbacks>
+        </entity>
+    </doctrine-mapping>
+
+YAML needs some little change yet, to allow multiple lifecycle
+events for one method, this will happen before Beta 1 though.
+
+Now validation is performed whenever you call
+``EntityManager#persist($order)`` or when you call
+``EntityManager#flush()`` and an order is about to be updated. Any
+Exception that happens in the lifecycle callbacks will be caught by
+the EntityManager and the current transaction is rolled back.
+
+Of course you can do any type of primitive checks, not null,
+email-validation, string size, integer and date ranges in your
+validation callbacks.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class Order
+    {
+        /**
+         * @PrePersist @PreUpdate
+         */
+        public function validate()
+        {
+            if (!($this->plannedShipDate instanceof DateTime)) {
+                throw new ValidateException();
+            }
+    
+            if ($this->plannedShipDate->format('U') < time()) {
+                throw new ValidateException();
+            }
+    
+            if ($this->customer == null) {
+                throw new OrderRequiresCustomerException();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+What is nice about lifecycle events is, you can also re-use the
+methods at other places in your domain, for example in combination
+with your form library. Additionally there is no limitation in the
+number of methods you register on one particular event, i.e. you
+can register multiple methods for validation in "PrePersist" or
+"PreUpdate" or mix and share them in any combinations between those
+two events.
+
+There is no limit to what you can and can't validate in
+"PrePersist" and "PreUpdate" as long as you don't create new entity
+instances. This was already discussed in the previous blog post on
+the Versionable extension, which requires another type of event
+called "onFlush".
+
+Further readings: :ref:`reference-events-lifecycle-events`

docs/en/cookbook/working-with-datetime.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+Working with DateTime Instances
+===============================
+
+There are many nitty gritty details when working with PHPs DateTime instances. You have to know their inner
+workings pretty well not to make mistakes with date handling. This cookbook entry holds several
+interesting pieces of information on how to work with PHP DateTime instances in ORM.
+
+DateTime changes are detected by Reference
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When calling ``EntityManager#flush()`` Doctrine computes the changesets of all the currently managed entities
+and saves the differences to the database. In case of object properties (@Column(type="datetime") or @Column(type="object"))
+these comparisons are always made **BY REFERENCE**. That means the following change will **NOT** be saved into the database:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /** @Entity */
+    class Article
+    {
+        /** @Column(type="datetime") */
+        private $updated;
+
+        public function setUpdated()
+        {
+            // will NOT be saved in the database
+            $this->updated->modify("now");
+        }
+    }
+
+The way to go would be:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class Article
+    {
+        public function setUpdated()
+        {
+            // WILL be saved in the database
+            $this->updated = new \DateTime("now");
+        }
+    }
+
+Default Timezone Gotcha
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+By default Doctrine assumes that you are working with a default timezone. Each DateTime instance that
+is created by Doctrine will be assigned the timezone that is currently the default, either through
+the ``date.timezone`` ini setting or by calling ``date_default_timezone_set()``.
+
+This is very important to handle correctly if your application runs on different servers or is moved from one to another server
+(with different timezone settings). You have to make sure that the timezone is the correct one
+on all this systems.
+
+Handling different Timezones with the DateTime Type
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If you first come across the requirement to save different timezones you may be still optimistic about how
+to manage this mess,
+however let me crush your expectations fast. There is not a single database out there (supported by Doctrine ORM)
+that supports timezones correctly. Correctly here means that you can cover all the use-cases that
+can come up with timezones. If you don't believe me you should read up on `Storing DateTime
+in Databases <https://derickrethans.nl/storing-date-time-in-database.html>`_.
+
+The problem is simple. Not a single database vendor saves the timezone, only the differences to UTC.
+However with frequent daylight saving and political timezone changes you can have a UTC offset that moves
+in different offset directions depending on the real location.
+
+The solution for this dilemma is simple. Don't use timezones with DateTime and Doctrine ORM. However there is a workaround
+that even allows correct date-time handling with timezones:
+
+1. Always convert any DateTime instance to UTC.
+2. Only set Timezones for displaying purposes
+3. Save the Timezone in the Entity for persistence.
+
+Say we have an application for an international postal company and employees insert events regarding postal-package
+around the world, in their current timezones. To determine the exact time an event occurred means to save both
+the UTC time at the time of the booking and the timezone the event happened in.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    namespace DoctrineExtensions\DBAL\Types;
+
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\AbstractPlatform;
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\ConversionException;
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\DateTimeType;
+
+    class UTCDateTimeType extends DateTimeType
+    {
+        /**
+         * @var \DateTimeZone
+         */
+        private static $utc;
+
+        public function convertToDatabaseValue($value, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            if ($value instanceof \DateTime) {
+                $value->setTimezone(self::getUtc());
+            }
+
+            return parent::convertToDatabaseValue($value, $platform);
+        }
+
+        public function convertToPHPValue($value, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+        {
+            if (null === $value || $value instanceof \DateTime) {
+                return $value;
+            }
+
+            $converted = \DateTime::createFromFormat(
+                $platform->getDateTimeFormatString(),
+                $value,
+                self::getUtc()
+            );
+
+            if (! $converted) {
+                throw ConversionException::conversionFailedFormat(
+                    $value,
+                    $this->getName(),
+                    $platform->getDateTimeFormatString()
+                );
+            }
+
+            return $converted;
+        }
+        
+        private static function getUtc(): \DateTimeZone
+        {
+            return self::$utc ?: self::$utc = new \DateTimeZone('UTC');
+        }
+    }
+
+This database type makes sure that every DateTime instance is always saved in UTC, relative
+to the current timezone that the passed DateTime instance has.
+
+To actually use this new type instead of the default ``datetime`` type, you need to run following
+code before bootstrapping the ORM:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type;
+    use DoctrineExtensions\DBAL\Types\UTCDateTimeType;
+
+    Type::overrideType('datetime', UTCDateTimeType::class);
+    Type::overrideType('datetimetz', UTCDateTimeType::class);
+
+
+To be able to transform these values
+back into their real timezone you have to save the timezone in a separate field of the entity
+requiring timezoned datetimes:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    namespace Shipping;
+
+    /**
+     * @Entity
+     */
+    class Event
+    {
+        /** @Column(type="datetime") */
+        private $created;
+
+        /** @Column(type="string") */
+        private $timezone;
+
+        /**
+         * @var bool
+         */
+        private $localized = false;
+
+        public function __construct(\DateTime $createDate)
+        {
+            $this->localized = true;
+            $this->created = $createDate;
+            $this->timezone = $createDate->getTimeZone()->getName();
+        }
+
+        public function getCreated()
+        {
+            if (!$this->localized) {
+                $this->created->setTimeZone(new \DateTimeZone($this->timezone));
+            }
+            return $this->created;
+        }
+    }
+
+This snippet makes use of the previously discussed "changeset by reference only" property of
+objects. That means a new DateTime will only be used during updating if the reference
+changes between retrieval and flush operation. This means we can easily go and modify
+the instance by setting the previous local timezone.

docs/en/index.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+Welcome to Doctrine 2 ORM's documentation!
+==========================================
+
+The Doctrine documentation is comprised of tutorials, a reference section and
+cookbook articles that explain different parts of the Object Relational mapper.
+
+Doctrine DBAL and Doctrine Common both have their own documentation.
+
+Getting Help
+------------
+
+If this documentation is not helping to answer questions you have about
+Doctrine ORM don't panic. You can get help from different sources:
+
+-  There is a :doc:`FAQ <reference/faq>` with answers to frequent questions.
+-  The `Doctrine Mailing List <https://groups.google.com/group/doctrine-user>`_
+-  Slack chat room `#orm <https://www.doctrine-project.org/slack>`_
+-  Report a bug on `GitHub <https://github.com/doctrine/orm/issues>`_.
+-  On `Twitter <https://twitter.com/search/%23doctrine2>`_ with ``#doctrine2``
+-  On `StackOverflow <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/doctrine-orm>`_
+
+If you need more structure over the different topics you can browse the :doc:`table
+of contents <toc>`.
+
+Getting Started
+---------------
+
+* **Tutorial**:
+  :doc:`Getting Started with Doctrine <tutorials/getting-started>`
+
+* **Setup**:
+  :doc:`Installation & Configuration <reference/configuration>`
+
+Mapping Objects onto a Database
+-------------------------------
+
+* **Mapping**:
+  :doc:`Objects <reference/basic-mapping>` |
+  :doc:`Associations <reference/association-mapping>` |
+  :doc:`Inheritance <reference/inheritance-mapping>`
+
+* **Drivers**:
+  :doc:`Docblock Annotations <reference/annotations-reference>` |
+  :doc:`Attributes <reference/attributes-reference>` |
+  :doc:`XML <reference/xml-mapping>` |
+  :doc:`YAML <reference/yaml-mapping>` |
+  :doc:`PHP <reference/php-mapping>`
+
+Working with Objects
+--------------------
+
+* **Basic Reference**:
+  :doc:`Entities <reference/working-with-objects>` |
+  :doc:`Associations <reference/working-with-associations>` |
+  :doc:`Events <reference/events>`
+
+* **Query Reference**:
+  :doc:`DQL <reference/dql-doctrine-query-language>` |
+  :doc:`QueryBuilder <reference/query-builder>` |
+  :doc:`Native SQL <reference/native-sql>`
+
+* **Internals**:
+  :doc:`Internals explained <reference/unitofwork>` |
+  :doc:`Associations <reference/unitofwork-associations>`
+
+Advanced Topics
+---------------
+
+* :doc:`Architecture <reference/architecture>`
+* :doc:`Advanced Configuration <reference/advanced-configuration>`
+* :doc:`Limitations and known issues <reference/limitations-and-known-issues>`
+* :doc:`Commandline Tools <reference/tools>`
+* :doc:`Transactions and Concurrency <reference/transactions-and-concurrency>`
+* :doc:`Filters <reference/filters>`
+* :doc:`NamingStrategy <reference/namingstrategy>`
+* :doc:`Improving Performance <reference/improving-performance>`
+* :doc:`Caching <reference/caching>`
+* :doc:`Partial Objects <reference/partial-objects>`
+* :doc:`Change Tracking Policies <reference/change-tracking-policies>`
+* :doc:`Best Practices <reference/best-practices>`
+* :doc:`Metadata Drivers <reference/metadata-drivers>`
+* :doc:`Batch Processing <reference/batch-processing>`
+* :doc:`Second Level Cache <reference/second-level-cache>`
+
+Tutorials
+---------
+
+* :doc:`Indexed associations <tutorials/working-with-indexed-associations>`
+* :doc:`Extra Lazy Associations <tutorials/extra-lazy-associations>`
+* :doc:`Composite Primary Keys <tutorials/composite-primary-keys>`
+* :doc:`Ordered associations <tutorials/ordered-associations>`
+* :doc:`Pagination <tutorials/pagination>`
+* :doc:`Override Field/Association Mappings In Subclasses <tutorials/override-field-association-mappings-in-subclasses>`
+* :doc:`Embeddables <tutorials/embeddables>`
+
+Changelogs
+----------
+
+* `Upgrade <https://github.com/doctrine/doctrine2/blob/master/UPGRADE.md>`_
+
+Cookbook
+--------
+
+* **Patterns**:
+  :doc:`Aggregate Fields <cookbook/aggregate-fields>` |
+  :doc:`Decorator Pattern <cookbook/decorator-pattern>` |
+  :doc:`Strategy Pattern <cookbook/strategy-cookbook-introduction>`
+
+* **DQL Extension Points**:
+  :doc:`DQL Custom Walkers <cookbook/dql-custom-walkers>` |
+  :doc:`DQL User-Defined-Functions <cookbook/dql-user-defined-functions>`
+
+* **Implementation**:
+  :doc:`Array Access <cookbook/implementing-arrayaccess-for-domain-objects>` |
+  :doc:`Notify ChangeTracking Example <cookbook/implementing-the-notify-changetracking-policy>` |
+  :doc:`Using Wakeup Or Clone <cookbook/implementing-wakeup-or-clone>` |
+  :doc:`Working with DateTime <cookbook/working-with-datetime>` |
+  :doc:`Validation <cookbook/validation-of-entities>` |
+  :doc:`Entities in the Session <cookbook/entities-in-session>` |
+  :doc:`Keeping your Modules independent <cookbook/resolve-target-entity-listener>`
+
+* **Hidden Gems**
+  :doc:`Prefixing Table Name <cookbook/sql-table-prefixes>`
+
+* **Custom Datatypes**
+  :doc:`MySQL Enums <cookbook/mysql-enums>`
+  :doc:`Advanced Field Value Conversion <cookbook/advanced-field-value-conversion-using-custom-mapping-types>`
+
+.. include:: toc.rst

docs/en/make.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+@ECHO OFF
+
+REM Command file for Sphinx documentation
+
+set SPHINXBUILD=sphinx-build
+set BUILDDIR=_build
+set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-d %BUILDDIR%/doctrees %SPHINXOPTS% .
+if NOT "%PAPER%" == "" (
+	set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-D latex_paper_size=%PAPER% %ALLSPHINXOPTS%
+)
+
+if "%1" == "" goto help
+
+if "%1" == "help" (
+	:help
+	echo.Please use `make ^<target^>` where ^<target^> is one of
+	echo.  html      to make standalone HTML files
+	echo.  dirhtml   to make HTML files named index.html in directories
+	echo.  pickle    to make pickle files
+	echo.  json      to make JSON files
+	echo.  htmlhelp  to make HTML files and a HTML help project
+	echo.  qthelp    to make HTML files and a qthelp project
+	echo.  latex     to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter
+	echo.  changes   to make an overview over all changed/added/deprecated items
+	echo.  linkcheck to check all external links for integrity
+	echo.  doctest   to run all doctests embedded in the documentation if enabled
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "clean" (
+	for /d %%i in (%BUILDDIR%\*) do rmdir /q /s %%i
+	del /q /s %BUILDDIR%\*
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "html" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b html %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/html
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/html.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "dirhtml" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b dirhtml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/dirhtml
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/dirhtml.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "pickle" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b pickle %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/pickle
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can process the pickle files.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "json" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b json %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/json
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can process the JSON files.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "htmlhelp" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b htmlhelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/htmlhelp
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the ^
+.hhp project file in %BUILDDIR%/htmlhelp.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "qthelp" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b qthelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/qthelp
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the ^
+.qhcp project file in %BUILDDIR%/qthelp, like this:
+	echo.^> qcollectiongenerator %BUILDDIR%\qthelp\Doctrine2ORM.qhcp
+	echo.To view the help file:
+	echo.^> assistant -collectionFile %BUILDDIR%\qthelp\Doctrine2ORM.ghc
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "latex" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b latex %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/latex
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; the LaTeX files are in %BUILDDIR%/latex.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "changes" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b changes %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/changes
+	echo.
+	echo.The overview file is in %BUILDDIR%/changes.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "linkcheck" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b linkcheck %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/linkcheck
+	echo.
+	echo.Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output ^
+or in %BUILDDIR%/linkcheck/output.txt.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "doctest" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b doctest %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/doctest
+	echo.
+	echo.Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the ^
+results in %BUILDDIR%/doctest/output.txt.
+	goto end
+)
+
+:end

docs/en/reference/advanced-configuration.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+Advanced Configuration
+======================
+
+The configuration of the EntityManager requires a
+``Doctrine\ORM\Configuration`` instance as well as some database
+connection parameters. This example shows all the potential
+steps of configuration.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager,
+        Doctrine\ORM\Configuration;
+
+    // ...
+
+    if ($applicationMode == "development") {
+        $cache = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ArrayCache;
+    } else {
+        $cache = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ApcCache;
+    }
+
+    $config = new Configuration;
+    $config->setMetadataCacheImpl($cache);
+    $driverImpl = $config->newDefaultAnnotationDriver('/path/to/lib/MyProject/Entities');
+    $config->setMetadataDriverImpl($driverImpl);
+    $config->setQueryCacheImpl($cache);
+    $config->setProxyDir('/path/to/myproject/lib/MyProject/Proxies');
+    $config->setProxyNamespace('MyProject\Proxies');
+
+    if ($applicationMode == "development") {
+        $config->setAutoGenerateProxyClasses(true);
+    } else {
+        $config->setAutoGenerateProxyClasses(false);
+    }
+
+    $connectionOptions = array(
+        'driver' => 'pdo_sqlite',
+        'path' => 'database.sqlite'
+    );
+
+    $em = EntityManager::create($connectionOptions, $config);
+
+.. note::
+
+    Do not use Doctrine without a metadata and query cache!
+    Doctrine is optimized for working with caches. The main
+    parts in Doctrine that are optimized for caching are the metadata
+    mapping information with the metadata cache and the DQL to SQL
+    conversions with the query cache. These 2 caches require only an
+    absolute minimum of memory yet they heavily improve the runtime
+    performance of Doctrine. The recommended cache driver to use with
+    Doctrine is `APC <https://php.net/apc>`_. APC provides you with
+    an opcode-cache (which is highly recommended anyway) and a very
+    fast in-memory cache storage that you can use for the metadata and
+    query caches as seen in the previous code snippet.
+
+Configuration Options
+---------------------
+
+The following sections describe all the configuration options
+available on a ``Doctrine\ORM\Configuration`` instance.
+
+Proxy Directory (***REQUIRED***)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $config->setProxyDir($dir);
+    $config->getProxyDir();
+
+Gets or sets the directory where Doctrine generates any proxy
+classes. For a detailed explanation on proxy classes and how they
+are used in Doctrine, refer to the "Proxy Objects" section further
+down.
+
+Proxy Namespace (***REQUIRED***)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $config->setProxyNamespace($namespace);
+    $config->getProxyNamespace();
+
+Gets or sets the namespace to use for generated proxy classes. For
+a detailed explanation on proxy classes and how they are used in
+Doctrine, refer to the "Proxy Objects" section further down.
+
+Metadata Driver (***REQUIRED***)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $config->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
+    $config->getMetadataDriverImpl();
+
+Gets or sets the metadata driver implementation that is used by
+Doctrine to acquire the object-relational metadata for your
+classes.
+
+There are currently 5 available implementations:
+
+
+-  ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\AnnotationDriver``
+-  ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\AttributeDriver``
+-  ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\XmlDriver``
+-  ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\YamlDriver``
+-  ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\DriverChain``
+
+Throughout the most part of this manual the AnnotationDriver is
+used in the examples. For information on the usage of the XmlDriver
+or YamlDriver please refer to the dedicated chapters
+``XML Mapping`` and ``YAML Mapping``.
+
+The annotation driver can be configured with a factory method on
+the ``Doctrine\ORM\Configuration``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $driverImpl = $config->newDefaultAnnotationDriver('/path/to/lib/MyProject/Entities');
+    $config->setMetadataDriverImpl($driverImpl);
+
+The path information to the entities is required for the annotation
+driver, because otherwise mass-operations on all entities through
+the console could not work correctly. All of metadata drivers
+accept either a single directory as a string or an array of
+directories. With this feature a single driver can support multiple
+directories of Entities.
+
+Metadata Cache (***RECOMMENDED***)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $config->setMetadataCacheImpl($cache);
+    $config->getMetadataCacheImpl();
+
+Gets or sets the cache implementation to use for caching metadata
+information, that is, all the information you supply via
+annotations, xml or yaml, so that they do not need to be parsed and
+loaded from scratch on every single request which is a waste of
+resources. The cache implementation must implement the
+``Doctrine\Common\Cache\Cache`` interface.
+
+Usage of a metadata cache is highly recommended.
+
+The recommended implementations for production are:
+
+
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Cache\ApcCache``
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Cache\ApcuCache``
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Cache\MemcacheCache``
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Cache\XcacheCache``
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Cache\RedisCache``
+
+For development you should use the
+``Doctrine\Common\Cache\ArrayCache`` which only caches data on a
+per-request basis.
+
+Query Cache (***RECOMMENDED***)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $config->setQueryCacheImpl($cache);
+    $config->getQueryCacheImpl();
+
+Gets or sets the cache implementation to use for caching DQL
+queries, that is, the result of a DQL parsing process that includes
+the final SQL as well as meta information about how to process the
+SQL result set of a query. Note that the query cache does not
+affect query results. You do not get stale data. This is a pure
+optimization cache without any negative side-effects (except some
+minimal memory usage in your cache).
+
+Usage of a query cache is highly recommended.
+
+The recommended implementations for production are:
+
+
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Cache\ApcCache``
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Cache\ApcuCache``
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Cache\MemcacheCache``
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Cache\XcacheCache``
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Cache\RedisCache``
+
+For development you should use the
+``Doctrine\Common\Cache\ArrayCache`` which only caches data on a
+per-request basis.
+
+SQL Logger (***Optional***)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $config->setSQLLogger($logger);
+    $config->getSQLLogger();
+
+Gets or sets the logger to use for logging all SQL statements
+executed by Doctrine. The logger class must implement the
+``Doctrine\DBAL\Logging\SQLLogger`` interface. A simple default
+implementation that logs to the standard output using ``echo`` and
+``var_dump`` can be found at
+``Doctrine\DBAL\Logging\EchoSQLLogger``.
+
+Auto-generating Proxy Classes (***OPTIONAL***)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Proxy classes can either be generated manually through the Doctrine
+Console or automatically at runtime by Doctrine. The configuration
+option that controls this behavior is:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $config->setAutoGenerateProxyClasses($mode);
+
+Possible values for ``$mode`` are:
+
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Proxy\AbstractProxyFactory::AUTOGENERATE_NEVER``
+
+Never autogenerate a proxy. You will need to generate the proxies
+manually, for this use the Doctrine Console like so:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $ ./doctrine orm:generate-proxies
+
+When you do this in a development environment,
+be aware that you may get class/file not found errors if certain proxies
+are not yet generated. You may also get failing lazy-loads if new
+methods were added to the entity class that are not yet in the proxy class.
+In such a case, simply use the Doctrine Console to (re)generate the
+proxy classes.
+
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Proxy\AbstractProxyFactory::AUTOGENERATE_ALWAYS``
+
+Always generates a new proxy in every request and writes it to disk.
+
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Proxy\AbstractProxyFactory::AUTOGENERATE_FILE_NOT_EXISTS``
+
+Generate the proxy class when the proxy file does not exist.
+This strategy causes a file exists call whenever any proxy is
+used the first time in a request.
+
+-  ``Doctrine\Common\Proxy\AbstractProxyFactory::AUTOGENERATE_EVAL``
+
+Generate the proxy classes and evaluate them on the fly via eval(),
+avoiding writing the proxies to disk.
+This strategy is only sane for development.
+
+In a production environment, it is highly recommended to use
+AUTOGENERATE_NEVER to allow for optimal performances. The other
+options are interesting in development environment.
+
+``setAutoGenerateProxyClasses`` can accept a boolean
+value. This is still possible, ``FALSE`` being equivalent to
+AUTOGENERATE_NEVER and ``TRUE`` to AUTOGENERATE_ALWAYS.
+
+Development vs Production Configuration
+---------------------------------------
+
+You should code your Doctrine2 bootstrapping with two different
+runtime models in mind. There are some serious benefits of using
+APC or Memcache in production. In development however this will
+frequently give you fatal errors, when you change your entities and
+the cache still keeps the outdated metadata. That is why we
+recommend the ``ArrayCache`` for development.
+
+Furthermore you should have the Auto-generating Proxy Classes
+option to true in development and to false in production. If this
+option is set to ``TRUE`` it can seriously hurt your script
+performance if several proxy classes are re-generated during script
+execution. Filesystem calls of that magnitude can even slower than
+all the database queries Doctrine issues. Additionally writing a
+proxy sets an exclusive file lock which can cause serious
+performance bottlenecks in systems with regular concurrent
+requests.
+
+Connection Options
+------------------
+
+The ``$connectionOptions`` passed as the first argument to
+``EntityManager::create()`` has to be either an array or an
+instance of ``Doctrine\DBAL\Connection``. If an array is passed it
+is directly passed along to the DBAL Factory
+``Doctrine\DBAL\DriverManager::getConnection()``. The DBAL
+configuration is explained in the
+`DBAL section <https://www.doctrine-project.org/projects/doctrine-dbal/en/current/reference/configuration.html>`_.
+
+Proxy Objects
+-------------
+
+A proxy object is an object that is put in place or used instead of
+the "real" object. A proxy object can add behavior to the object
+being proxied without that object being aware of it. In ORM,
+proxy objects are used to realize several features but mainly for
+transparent lazy-loading.
+
+Proxy objects with their lazy-loading facilities help to keep the
+subset of objects that are already in memory connected to the rest
+of the objects. This is an essential property as without it there
+would always be fragile partial objects at the outer edges of your
+object graph.
+
+Doctrine ORM implements a variant of the proxy pattern where it
+generates classes that extend your entity classes and adds
+lazy-loading capabilities to them. Doctrine can then give you an
+instance of such a proxy class whenever you request an object of
+the class being proxied. This happens in two situations:
+
+Reference Proxies
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The method ``EntityManager#getReference($entityName, $identifier)``
+lets you obtain a reference to an entity for which the identifier
+is known, without loading that entity from the database. This is
+useful, for example, as a performance enhancement, when you want to
+establish an association to an entity for which you have the
+identifier. You could simply do this:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $em instanceof EntityManager, $cart instanceof MyProject\Model\Cart
+    // $itemId comes from somewhere, probably a request parameter
+    $item = $em->getReference('MyProject\Model\Item', $itemId);
+    $cart->addItem($item);
+
+Here, we added an Item to a Cart without loading the Item from the
+database. If you invoke any method on the Item instance, it would
+fully initialize its state transparently from the database. Here
+$item is actually an instance of the proxy class that was generated
+for the Item class but your code does not need to care. In fact it
+**should not care**. Proxy objects should be transparent to your
+code.
+
+Association proxies
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The second most important situation where Doctrine uses proxy
+objects is when querying for objects. Whenever you query for an
+object that has a single-valued association to another object that
+is configured LAZY, without joining that association in the same
+query, Doctrine puts proxy objects in place where normally the
+associated object would be. Just like other proxies it will
+transparently initialize itself on first access.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Joining an association in a DQL or native query
+    essentially means eager loading of that association in that query.
+    This will override the 'fetch' option specified in the mapping for
+    that association, but only for that query.
+
+
+Generating Proxy classes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+In a production environment, it is highly recommended to use
+``AUTOGENERATE_NEVER`` to allow for optimal performances.
+However you will be required to generate the proxies manually
+using the Doctrine Console:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $ ./doctrine orm:generate-proxies
+
+The other options are interesting in development environment:
+
+- ``AUTOGENERATE_ALWAYS`` will require you to create and configure
+  a proxy directory. Proxies will be generated and written to file
+  on each request, so any modification to your code will be acknowledged.
+
+- ``AUTOGENERATE_FILE_NOT_EXISTS`` will not overwrite an existing
+  proxy file. If your code changes, you will need to regenerate the
+  proxies manually.
+
+- ``AUTOGENERATE_EVAL`` will regenerate each proxy on each request,
+  but without writing them to disk.
+
+Autoloading Proxies
+-------------------
+
+When you deserialize proxy objects from the session or any other storage
+it is necessary to have an autoloading mechanism in place for these classes.
+For implementation reasons Proxy class names are not PSR-0 compliant. This
+means that you have to register a special autoloader for these classes:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\Common\Proxy\Autoloader;
+
+    $proxyDir = "/path/to/proxies";
+    $proxyNamespace = "MyProxies";
+
+    Autoloader::register($proxyDir, $proxyNamespace);
+
+If you want to execute additional logic to intercept the proxy file not found
+state you can pass a closure as the third argument. It will be called with
+the arguments proxydir, namespace and className when the proxy file could not
+be found.
+
+Multiple Metadata Sources
+-------------------------
+
+When using different components using Doctrine ORM you may end up
+with them using two different metadata drivers, for example XML and
+YAML. You can use the DriverChain Metadata implementations to
+aggregate these drivers based on namespaces:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\DriverChain;
+
+    $chain = new DriverChain();
+    $chain->addDriver($xmlDriver, 'Doctrine\Tests\Models\Company');
+    $chain->addDriver($yamlDriver, 'Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping');
+
+Based on the namespace of the entity the loading of entities is
+delegated to the appropriate driver. The chain semantics come from
+the fact that the driver loops through all namespaces and matches
+the entity class name against the namespace using a
+``strpos() === 0`` call. This means you need to order the drivers
+correctly if sub-namespaces use different metadata driver
+implementations.
+
+
+Default Repository (***OPTIONAL***)
+-----------------------------------
+
+Specifies the FQCN of a subclass of the EntityRepository.
+That will be available for all entities without a custom repository class.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $config->setDefaultRepositoryClassName($fqcn);
+    $config->getDefaultRepositoryClassName();
+
+The default value is ``Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository``.
+Any repository class must be a subclass of EntityRepository otherwise you got an ORMException
+
+Setting up the Console
+----------------------
+
+Doctrine uses the Symfony Console component for generating the command
+line interface. You can take a look at the ``vendor/bin/doctrine.php``
+script and the ``Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Console\ConsoleRunner`` command
+for inspiration how to setup the cli.
+
+In general the required code looks like this:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $cli = new Application('Doctrine Command Line Interface', \Doctrine\ORM\Version::VERSION);
+    $cli->setCatchExceptions(true);
+    $cli->setHelperSet($helperSet);
+    Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Console\ConsoleRunner::addCommands($cli);
+    $cli->run();
+

docs/en/reference/architecture.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+Architecture
+============
+
+This chapter gives an overview of the overall architecture,
+terminology and constraints of Doctrine ORM. It is recommended to
+read this chapter carefully.
+
+Using an Object-Relational Mapper
+---------------------------------
+
+As the term ORM already hints at, Doctrine ORM aims to simplify the
+translation between database rows and the PHP object model. The
+primary use case for Doctrine are therefore applications that
+utilize the Object-Oriented Programming Paradigm. For applications
+that do not primarily work with objects Doctrine ORM is not suited very
+well.
+
+Requirements
+------------
+
+Doctrine ORM requires a minimum of PHP 7.1. For greatly improved
+performance it is also recommended that you use APC with PHP.
+
+Doctrine ORM Packages
+-------------------
+
+Doctrine ORM is divided into three main packages.
+
+-  Common
+-  DBAL (includes Common)
+-  ORM (includes DBAL+Common)
+
+This manual mainly covers the ORM package, sometimes touching parts
+of the underlying DBAL and Common packages. The Doctrine code base
+is split in to these packages for a few reasons and they are to...
+
+
+-  ...make things more maintainable and decoupled
+-  ...allow you to use the code in Doctrine Common without the ORM
+   or DBAL
+-  ...allow you to use the DBAL without the ORM
+
+The Common Package
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Common package contains highly reusable components that have no
+dependencies beyond the package itself (and PHP, of course). The
+root namespace of the Common package is ``Doctrine\Common``.
+
+The DBAL Package
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The DBAL package contains an enhanced database abstraction layer on
+top of PDO but is not strongly bound to PDO. The purpose of this
+layer is to provide a single API that bridges most of the
+differences between the different RDBMS vendors. The root namespace
+of the DBAL package is ``Doctrine\DBAL``.
+
+The ORM Package
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The ORM package contains the object-relational mapping toolkit that
+provides transparent relational persistence for plain PHP objects.
+The root namespace of the ORM package is ``Doctrine\ORM``.
+
+Terminology
+-----------
+
+Entities
+~~~~~~~~
+
+An entity is a lightweight, persistent domain object. An entity can
+be any regular PHP class observing the following restrictions:
+
+
+-  An entity class must not be final or contain final methods.
+-  All persistent properties/field of any entity class should
+   always be private or protected, otherwise lazy-loading might not
+   work as expected. In case you serialize entities (for example Session)
+   properties should be protected (See Serialize section below).
+-  An entity class must not implement ``__clone`` or
+   :doc:`do so safely <../cookbook/implementing-wakeup-or-clone>`.
+-  An entity class must not implement ``__wakeup`` or
+   :doc:`do so safely <../cookbook/implementing-wakeup-or-clone>`.
+   Also consider implementing
+   `Serializable <https://php.net/manual/en/class.serializable.php>`_
+   instead.
+-  Any two entity classes in a class hierarchy that inherit
+   directly or indirectly from one another must not have a mapped
+   property with the same name. That is, if B inherits from A then B
+   must not have a mapped field with the same name as an already
+   mapped field that is inherited from A.
+-  An entity cannot make use of func_get_args() to implement variable parameters.
+   Generated proxies do not support this for performance reasons and your code might
+   actually fail to work when violating this restriction.
+
+Entities support inheritance, polymorphic associations, and
+polymorphic queries. Both abstract and concrete classes can be
+entities. Entities may extend non-entity classes as well as entity
+classes, and non-entity classes may extend entity classes.
+
+.. note::
+
+    The constructor of an entity is only ever invoked when
+    *you* construct a new instance with the *new* keyword. Doctrine
+    never calls entity constructors, thus you are free to use them as
+    you wish and even have it require arguments of any type.
+
+
+Entity states
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+An entity instance can be characterized as being NEW, MANAGED,
+DETACHED or REMOVED.
+
+
+-  A NEW entity instance has no persistent identity, and is not yet
+   associated with an EntityManager and a UnitOfWork (i.e. those just
+   created with the "new" operator).
+-  A MANAGED entity instance is an instance with a persistent
+   identity that is associated with an EntityManager and whose
+   persistence is thus managed.
+-  A DETACHED entity instance is an instance with a persistent
+   identity that is not (or no longer) associated with an
+   EntityManager and a UnitOfWork.
+-  A REMOVED entity instance is an instance with a persistent
+   identity, associated with an EntityManager, that will be removed
+   from the database upon transaction commit.
+
+.. _architecture_persistent_fields:
+
+Persistent fields
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The persistent state of an entity is represented by instance
+variables. An instance variable must be directly accessed only from
+within the methods of the entity by the entity instance itself.
+Instance variables must not be accessed by clients of the entity.
+The state of the entity is available to clients only through the
+entity’s methods, i.e. accessor methods (getter/setter methods) or
+other business methods.
+
+Collection-valued persistent fields and properties must be defined
+in terms of the ``Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection``
+interface. The collection implementation type may be used by the
+application to initialize fields or properties before the entity is
+made persistent. Once the entity becomes managed (or detached),
+subsequent access must be through the interface type.
+
+Serializing entities
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Serializing entities can be problematic and is not really
+recommended, at least not as long as an entity instance still holds
+references to proxy objects or is still managed by an
+EntityManager. If you intend to serialize (and unserialize) entity
+instances that still hold references to proxy objects you may run
+into problems with private properties because of technical
+limitations. Proxy objects implement ``__sleep`` and it is not
+possible for ``__sleep`` to return names of private properties in
+parent classes. On the other hand it is not a solution for proxy
+objects to implement ``Serializable`` because Serializable does not
+work well with any potential cyclic object references (at least we
+did not find a way yet, if you did, please contact us).
+
+The EntityManager
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The ``EntityManager`` class is a central access point to the
+functionality provided by Doctrine ORM. The ``EntityManager`` API is
+used to manage the persistence of your objects and to query for
+persistent objects.
+
+Transactional write-behind
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+An ``EntityManager`` and the underlying ``UnitOfWork`` employ a
+strategy called "transactional write-behind" that delays the
+execution of SQL statements in order to execute them in the most
+efficient way and to execute them at the end of a transaction so
+that all write locks are quickly released. You should see Doctrine
+as a tool to synchronize your in-memory objects with the database
+in well defined units of work. Work with your objects and modify
+them as usual and when you're done call ``EntityManager#flush()``
+to make your changes persistent.
+
+The Unit of Work
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Internally an ``EntityManager`` uses a ``UnitOfWork``, which is a
+typical implementation of the
+`Unit of Work pattern <https://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/unitOfWork.html>`_,
+to keep track of all the things that need to be done the next time
+``flush`` is invoked. You usually do not directly interact with a
+``UnitOfWork`` but with the ``EntityManager`` instead.
+
+

docs/en/reference/basic-mapping.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,524 @@
+Basic Mapping
+=============
+
+This guide explains the basic mapping of entities and properties.
+After working through this guide you should know:
+
+- How to create PHP objects that can be saved to the database with Doctrine;
+- How to configure the mapping between columns on tables and properties on
+  entities;
+- What Doctrine mapping types are;
+- Defining primary keys and how identifiers are generated by Doctrine;
+- How quoting of reserved symbols works in Doctrine.
+
+Mapping of associations will be covered in the next chapter on
+:doc:`Association Mapping <association-mapping>`.
+
+Guide Assumptions
+-----------------
+
+You should have already :doc:`installed and configure <configuration>`
+Doctrine.
+
+Creating Classes for the Database
+---------------------------------
+
+Every PHP object that you want to save in the database using Doctrine
+is called an "Entity". The term "Entity" describes objects
+that have an identity over many independent requests. This identity is
+usually achieved by assigning a unique identifier to an entity.
+In this tutorial the following ``Message`` PHP class will serve as the
+example Entity:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class Message
+    {
+        private $id;
+        private $text;
+        private $postedAt;
+    }
+
+Because Doctrine is a generic library, it only knows about your
+entities because you will describe their existence and structure using
+mapping metadata, which is configuration that tells Doctrine how your
+entity should be stored in the database. The documentation will often
+speak of "mapping something", which means writing the mapping metadata
+that describes your entity.
+
+Doctrine provides several different ways to specify object-relational
+mapping metadata:
+
+-  :doc:`Docblock Annotations <annotations-reference>`
+-  :doc:`Attributes <attributes-reference>`
+-  :doc:`XML <xml-mapping>`
+-  :doc:`YAML <yaml-mapping>`
+-  :doc:`PHP code <php-mapping>`
+
+This manual will usually show mapping metadata via docblock annotations, though
+many examples also show the equivalent configuration in YAML and XML.
+
+.. note::
+
+    All metadata drivers perform equally. Once the metadata of a class has been
+    read from the source (annotations, xml or yaml) it is stored in an instance
+    of the ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\ClassMetadata`` class and these instances are
+    stored in the metadata cache.  If you're not using a metadata cache (not
+    recommended!) then the XML driver is the fastest.
+
+Marking our ``Message`` class as an entity for Doctrine is straightforward:
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        /** @Entity */
+        class Message
+        {
+            // ...
+        }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+          <entity name="Message">
+              <!-- ... -->
+          </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        Message:
+          type: entity
+          # ...
+
+With no additional information, Doctrine expects the entity to be saved
+into a table with the same name as the class in our case ``Message``.
+You can change this by configuring information about the table:
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        /**
+         * @Entity
+         * @Table(name="message")
+         */
+        class Message
+        {
+            // ...
+        }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+          <entity name="Message" table="message">
+              <!-- ... -->
+          </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        Message:
+          type: entity
+          table: message
+          # ...
+
+Now the class ``Message`` will be saved and fetched from the table ``message``.
+
+Property Mapping
+----------------
+
+The next step after marking a PHP class as an entity is mapping its properties
+to columns in a table.
+
+To configure a property use the ``@Column`` docblock annotation. The ``type``
+attribute specifies the :ref:`Doctrine Mapping Type <reference-mapping-types>`
+to use for the field. If the type is not specified, ``string`` is used as the
+default.
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        /** @Entity */
+        class Message
+        {
+            /** @Column(type="integer") */
+            private $id;
+            /** @Column(length=140) */
+            private $text;
+            /** @Column(type="datetime", name="posted_at") */
+            private $postedAt;
+        }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+          <entity name="Message">
+            <field name="id" type="integer" />
+            <field name="text" length="140" />
+            <field name="postedAt" column="posted_at" type="datetime" />
+          </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        Message:
+          type: entity
+          fields:
+            id:
+              type: integer
+            text:
+              length: 140
+            postedAt:
+              type: datetime
+              column: posted_at
+
+When we don't explicitly specify a column name via the ``name`` option, Doctrine
+assumes the field name is also the column name. This means that:
+
+* the ``id`` property will map to the column ``id`` using the type ``integer``;
+* the ``text`` property will map to the column ``text`` with the default mapping type ``string``;
+* the ``postedAt`` property will map to the ``posted_at`` column with the ``datetime`` type.
+
+The Column annotation has some more attributes. Here is a complete
+list:
+
+- ``type``: (optional, defaults to 'string') The mapping type to
+  use for the column.
+- ``name``: (optional, defaults to field name) The name of the
+  column in the database.
+- ``length``: (optional, default 255) The length of the column in
+  the database. (Applies only if a string-valued column is used).
+- ``unique``: (optional, default FALSE) Whether the column is a
+  unique key.
+- ``nullable``: (optional, default FALSE) Whether the database
+  column is nullable.
+- ``precision``: (optional, default 0) The precision for a decimal
+  (exact numeric) column (applies only for decimal column),
+  which is the maximum number of digits that are stored for the values.
+- ``scale``: (optional, default 0) The scale for a decimal (exact
+  numeric) column (applies only for decimal column), which represents
+  the number of digits to the right of the decimal point and must
+  not be greater than *precision*.
+- ``columnDefinition``: (optional) Allows to define a custom
+  DDL snippet that is used to create the column. Warning: This normally
+  confuses the SchemaTool to always detect the column as changed.
+- ``options``: (optional) Key-value pairs of options that get passed
+  to the underlying database platform when generating DDL statements.
+
+.. _reference-php-mapping-types:
+
+PHP Types Mapping
+_________________
+
+Since version 2.9 Doctrine can determine usable defaults from property types
+on entity classes. When property type is nullable this has no effect on
+``nullable`` Column attribute at the moment for backwards compatibility
+reasons.
+
+Additionally, Doctrine will map PHP types to ``type`` attribute as follows:
+
+- ``DateInterval``: ``dateinterval``
+- ``DateTime``: ``datetime``
+- ``DateTimeImmutable``: ``datetime_immutable``
+- ``array``: ``json``
+- ``bool``: ``boolean``
+- ``float``: ``float``
+- ``int``: ``integer``
+- ``string`` or any other type: ``string``
+
+.. _reference-mapping-types:
+
+Doctrine Mapping Types
+----------------------
+
+The ``type`` option used in the ``@Column`` accepts any of the existing
+Doctrine types or even your own custom types. A Doctrine type defines
+the conversion between PHP and SQL types, independent from the database vendor
+you are using. All Mapping Types that ship with Doctrine are fully portable
+between the supported database systems.
+
+As an example, the Doctrine Mapping Type ``string`` defines the
+mapping from a PHP string to a SQL VARCHAR (or VARCHAR2 etc.
+depending on the RDBMS brand). Here is a quick overview of the
+built-in mapping types:
+
+-  ``string``: Type that maps a SQL VARCHAR to a PHP string.
+-  ``integer``: Type that maps a SQL INT to a PHP integer.
+-  ``smallint``: Type that maps a database SMALLINT to a PHP
+   integer.
+-  ``bigint``: Type that maps a database BIGINT to a PHP string.
+-  ``boolean``: Type that maps a SQL boolean or equivalent (TINYINT) to a PHP boolean.
+-  ``decimal``: Type that maps a SQL DECIMAL to a PHP string.
+-  ``date``: Type that maps a SQL DATETIME to a PHP DateTime
+   object.
+-  ``time``: Type that maps a SQL TIME to a PHP DateTime object.
+-  ``datetime``: Type that maps a SQL DATETIME/TIMESTAMP to a PHP
+   DateTime object.
+-  ``datetimetz``: Type that maps a SQL DATETIME/TIMESTAMP to a PHP
+   DateTime object with timezone.
+-  ``text``: Type that maps a SQL CLOB to a PHP string.
+-  ``object``: Type that maps a SQL CLOB to a PHP object using
+   ``serialize()`` and ``unserialize()``
+-  ``array``: Type that maps a SQL CLOB to a PHP array using
+   ``serialize()`` and ``unserialize()``
+-  ``simple_array``: Type that maps a SQL CLOB to a PHP array using
+   ``implode()`` and ``explode()``, with a comma as delimiter. *IMPORTANT*
+   Only use this type if you are sure that your values cannot contain a ",".
+-  ``json_array``: Type that maps a SQL CLOB to a PHP array using
+   ``json_encode()`` and ``json_decode()``
+-  ``float``: Type that maps a SQL Float (Double Precision) to a
+   PHP double. *IMPORTANT*: Works only with locale settings that use
+   decimal points as separator.
+-  ``guid``: Type that maps a database GUID/UUID to a PHP string. Defaults to
+   varchar but uses a specific type if the platform supports it.
+-  ``blob``: Type that maps a SQL BLOB to a PHP resource stream
+
+A cookbook article shows how to define :doc:`your own custom mapping types
+<../cookbook/custom-mapping-types>`.
+
+.. note::
+
+    DateTime and Object types are compared by reference, not by value. Doctrine
+    updates this values if the reference changes and therefore behaves as if
+    these objects are immutable value objects.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    All Date types assume that you are exclusively using the default timezone
+    set by `date_default_timezone_set() <https://php.net/manual/en/function.date-default-timezone-set.php>`_
+    or by the php.ini configuration ``date.timezone``. Working with
+    different timezones will cause troubles and unexpected behavior.
+
+    If you need specific timezone handling you have to handle this
+    in your domain, converting all the values back and forth from UTC.
+    There is also a :doc:`cookbook entry <../cookbook/working-with-datetime>`
+    on working with datetimes that gives hints for implementing
+    multi timezone applications.
+
+Identifiers / Primary Keys
+--------------------------
+
+Every entity class must have an identifier/primary key. You can select
+the field that serves as the identifier with the ``@Id``
+annotation.
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        class Message
+        {
+            /**
+             * @Id
+             * @Column(type="integer")
+             * @GeneratedValue
+             */
+            private $id;
+            // ...
+        }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+          <entity name="Message">
+            <id name="id" type="integer">
+                <generator strategy="AUTO" />
+            </id>
+            <!-- -->
+          </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        Message:
+          type: entity
+          id:
+            id:
+              type: integer
+              generator:
+                strategy: AUTO
+          fields:
+            # fields here
+
+In most cases using the automatic generator strategy (``@GeneratedValue``) is
+what you want. It defaults to the identifier generation mechanism your current
+database vendor prefers: AUTO_INCREMENT with MySQL, sequences with PostgreSQL
+and Oracle and so on.
+
+.. _identifier-generation-strategies:
+
+Identifier Generation Strategies
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The previous example showed how to use the default identifier
+generation strategy without knowing the underlying database with
+the AUTO-detection strategy. It is also possible to specify the
+identifier generation strategy more explicitly, which allows you to
+make use of some additional features.
+
+Here is the list of possible generation strategies:
+
+-  ``AUTO`` (default): Tells Doctrine to pick the strategy that is
+   preferred by the used database platform. The preferred strategies
+   are IDENTITY for MySQL, SQLite, MsSQL and SQL Anywhere and SEQUENCE
+   for Oracle and PostgreSQL. This strategy provides full portability.
+-  ``SEQUENCE``: Tells Doctrine to use a database sequence for ID
+   generation. This strategy does currently not provide full
+   portability. Sequences are supported by Oracle, PostgreSql and
+   SQL Anywhere.
+-  ``IDENTITY``: Tells Doctrine to use special identity columns in
+   the database that generate a value on insertion of a row. This
+   strategy does currently not provide full portability and is
+   supported by the following platforms: MySQL/SQLite/SQL Anywhere
+   (AUTO\_INCREMENT), MSSQL (IDENTITY) and PostgreSQL (SERIAL).
+-  ``UUID``: Tells Doctrine to use the built-in Universally Unique Identifier
+   generator. This strategy provides full portability.
+-  ``TABLE``: Tells Doctrine to use a separate table for ID
+   generation. This strategy provides full portability.
+   ***This strategy is not yet implemented!***
+-  ``NONE``: Tells Doctrine that the identifiers are assigned (and
+   thus generated) by your code. The assignment must take place before
+   a new entity is passed to ``EntityManager#persist``. NONE is the
+   same as leaving off the @GeneratedValue entirely.
+-  ``CUSTOM``: With this option, you can use the ``@CustomIdGenerator`` annotation.
+   It will allow you to pass a :doc:`class of your own to generate the identifiers.<_annref_customidgenerator>`
+
+Sequence Generator
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The Sequence Generator can currently be used in conjunction with
+Oracle or Postgres and allows some additional configuration options
+besides specifying the sequence's name:
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        class Message
+        {
+            /**
+             * @Id
+             * @GeneratedValue(strategy="SEQUENCE")
+             * @SequenceGenerator(sequenceName="message_seq", initialValue=1, allocationSize=100)
+             */
+            protected $id = null;
+            // ...
+        }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+          <entity name="Message">
+            <id name="id" type="integer">
+                <generator strategy="SEQUENCE" />
+                <sequence-generator sequence-name="message_seq" allocation-size="100" initial-value="1" />
+            </id>
+          </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        Message:
+          type: entity
+          id:
+            id:
+              type: integer
+              generator:
+                strategy: SEQUENCE
+              sequenceGenerator:
+                sequenceName: message_seq
+                allocationSize: 100
+                initialValue: 1
+
+The initial value specifies at which value the sequence should
+start.
+
+The allocationSize is a powerful feature to optimize INSERT
+performance of Doctrine. The allocationSize specifies by how much
+values the sequence is incremented whenever the next value is
+retrieved. If this is larger than 1 (one) Doctrine can generate
+identifier values for the allocationSizes amount of entities. In
+the above example with ``allocationSize=100`` Doctrine ORM would only
+need to access the sequence once to generate the identifiers for
+100 new entities.
+
+*The default allocationSize for a @SequenceGenerator is currently 10.*
+
+.. caution::
+
+    The allocationSize is detected by SchemaTool and
+    transformed into an "INCREMENT BY " clause in the CREATE SEQUENCE
+    statement. For a database schema created manually (and not
+    SchemaTool) you have to make sure that the allocationSize
+    configuration option is never larger than the actual sequences
+    INCREMENT BY value, otherwise you may get duplicate keys.
+
+
+.. note::
+
+    It is possible to use strategy="AUTO" and at the same time
+    specifying a @SequenceGenerator. In such a case, your custom
+    sequence settings are used in the case where the preferred strategy
+    of the underlying platform is SEQUENCE, such as for Oracle and
+    PostgreSQL.
+
+
+Composite Keys
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+With Doctrine ORM you can use composite primary keys, using ``@Id`` on more then
+one column. Some restrictions exist opposed to using a single identifier in
+this case: The use of the ``@GeneratedValue`` annotation is not supported,
+which means you can only use composite keys if you generate the primary key
+values yourself before calling ``EntityManager#persist()`` on the entity.
+
+More details on composite primary keys are discussed in a :doc:`dedicated tutorial
+<../tutorials/composite-primary-keys>`.
+
+Quoting Reserved Words
+----------------------
+
+Sometimes it is necessary to quote a column or table name because of reserved
+word conflicts. Doctrine does not quote identifiers automatically, because it
+leads to more problems than it would solve. Quoting tables and column names
+needs to be done explicitly using ticks in the definition.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /** @Column(name="`number`", type="integer") */
+    private $number;
+
+Doctrine will then quote this column name in all SQL statements
+according to the used database platform.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Identifier Quoting does not work for join column names or discriminator
+    column names unless you are using a custom ``QuoteStrategy``.
+
+.. _reference-basic-mapping-custom-mapping-types:
+
+For more control over column quoting the ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\QuoteStrategy`` interface
+was introduced in ORM. It is invoked for every column, table, alias and other
+SQL names. You can implement the QuoteStrategy and set it by calling
+``Doctrine\ORM\Configuration#setQuoteStrategy()``.
+
+The ANSI Quote Strategy was added, which assumes quoting is not necessary for any SQL name.
+You can use it with the following code:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\AnsiQuoteStrategy;
+
+    $configuration->setQuoteStrategy(new AnsiQuoteStrategy());

docs/en/reference/batch-processing.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+Batch Processing
+================
+
+This chapter shows you how to accomplish bulk inserts, updates and
+deletes with Doctrine in an efficient way. The main problem with
+bulk operations is usually not to run out of memory and this is
+especially what the strategies presented here provide help with.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    An ORM tool is not primarily well-suited for mass
+    inserts, updates or deletions. Every RDBMS has its own, most
+    effective way of dealing with such operations and if the options
+    outlined below are not sufficient for your purposes we recommend
+    you use the tools for your particular RDBMS for these bulk
+    operations.
+
+
+.. note::
+
+    Having an SQL logger enabled when processing batches can have a serious impact on performance and resource usage.
+    To avoid that you should disable it in the DBAL configuration:
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $em->getConnection()->getConfiguration()->setSQLLogger(null);
+
+Bulk Inserts
+------------
+
+Bulk inserts in Doctrine are best performed in batches, taking
+advantage of the transactional write-behind behavior of an
+``EntityManager``. The following code shows an example for
+inserting 10000 objects with a batch size of 20. You may need to
+experiment with the batch size to find the size that works best for
+you. Larger batch sizes mean more prepared statement reuse
+internally but also mean more work during ``flush``.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $batchSize = 20;
+    for ($i = 1; $i <= 10000; ++$i) {
+        $user = new CmsUser;
+        $user->setStatus('user');
+        $user->setUsername('user' . $i);
+        $user->setName('Mr.Smith-' . $i);
+        $em->persist($user);
+        if (($i % $batchSize) === 0) {
+            $em->flush();
+            $em->clear(); // Detaches all objects from Doctrine!
+        }
+    }
+    $em->flush(); // Persist objects that did not make up an entire batch
+    $em->clear();
+
+Bulk Updates
+------------
+
+There are 2 possibilities for bulk updates with Doctrine.
+
+DQL UPDATE
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The by far most efficient way for bulk updates is to use a DQL
+UPDATE query. Example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $q = $em->createQuery('update MyProject\Model\Manager m set m.salary = m.salary * 0.9');
+    $numUpdated = $q->execute();
+
+Iterating results
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+An alternative solution for bulk updates is to use the
+``Query#toIterable()`` facility to iterate over the query results step
+by step instead of loading the whole result into memory at once.
+The following example shows how to do this, combining the iteration
+with the batching strategy that was already used for bulk inserts:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $batchSize = 20;
+    $i = 1;
+    $q = $em->createQuery('select u from MyProject\Model\User u');
+    foreach ($q->toIterable() as $user) {
+        $user->increaseCredit();
+        $user->calculateNewBonuses();
+        ++$i;
+        if (($i % $batchSize) === 0) {
+            $em->flush(); // Executes all updates.
+            $em->clear(); // Detaches all objects from Doctrine!
+        }
+    }
+    $em->flush();
+
+.. note::
+
+    Iterating results is not possible with queries that
+    fetch-join a collection-valued association. The nature of such SQL
+    result sets is not suitable for incremental hydration.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Results may be fully buffered by the database client/ connection allocating
+    additional memory not visible to the PHP process. For large sets this
+    may easily kill the process for no apparent reason.
+
+
+Bulk Deletes
+------------
+
+There are two possibilities for bulk deletes with Doctrine. You can
+either issue a single DQL DELETE query or you can iterate over
+results removing them one at a time.
+
+DQL DELETE
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The by far most efficient way for bulk deletes is to use a DQL
+DELETE query.
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $q = $em->createQuery('delete from MyProject\Model\Manager m where m.salary > 100000');
+    $numDeleted = $q->execute();
+
+Iterating results
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+An alternative solution for bulk deletes is to use the
+``Query#toIterable()`` facility to iterate over the query results step
+by step instead of loading the whole result into memory at once.
+The following example shows how to do this:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $batchSize = 20;
+    $i = 1;
+    $q = $em->createQuery('select u from MyProject\Model\User u');
+    foreach($q->toIterable() as $row) {
+        $em->remove($row);
+        ++$i;
+        if (($i % $batchSize) === 0) {
+            $em->flush(); // Executes all deletions.
+            $em->clear(); // Detaches all objects from Doctrine!
+        }
+    }
+    $em->flush();
+
+.. note::
+
+    Iterating results is not possible with queries that
+    fetch-join a collection-valued association. The nature of such SQL
+    result sets is not suitable for incremental hydration.
+
+
+Iterating Large Results for Data-Processing
+-------------------------------------------
+
+You can use the ``toIterable()`` method just to iterate over a large
+result and no UPDATE or DELETE intention. ``$query->toIterable()`` returns ``iterable``
+so you can process a large result without memory
+problems using the following approach:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $q = $this->_em->createQuery('select u from MyProject\Model\User u');
+    foreach ($q->toIterable() as $row) {
+        // do stuff with the data in the row
+
+        // detach from Doctrine, so that it can be Garbage-Collected immediately
+        $this->_em->detach($row[0]);
+    }
+
+.. note::
+
+    Iterating results is not possible with queries that
+    fetch-join a collection-valued association. The nature of such SQL
+    result sets is not suitable for incremental hydration.
+
+
+

docs/en/reference/best-practices.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+Best Practices
+==============
+
+The best practices mentioned here that affect database
+design generally refer to best practices when working with Doctrine
+and do not necessarily reflect best practices for database design
+in general.
+
+Constrain relationships as much as possible
+-------------------------------------------
+
+It is important to constrain relationships as much as possible.
+This means:
+
+
+-  Impose a traversal direction (avoid bidirectional associations
+   if possible)
+-  Eliminate nonessential associations
+
+This has several benefits:
+
+
+-  Reduced coupling in your domain model
+-  Simpler code in your domain model (no need to maintain
+   bidirectionality properly)
+-  Less work for Doctrine
+
+Avoid composite keys
+--------------------
+
+Even though Doctrine fully supports composite keys it is best not
+to use them if possible. Composite keys require additional work by
+Doctrine and thus have a higher probability of errors.
+
+Use events judiciously
+----------------------
+
+The event system of Doctrine is great and fast. Even though making
+heavy use of events, especially lifecycle events, can have a
+negative impact on the performance of your application. Thus you
+should use events judiciously.
+
+Use cascades judiciously
+------------------------
+
+Automatic cascades of the persist/remove/merge/etc. operations are
+very handy but should be used wisely. Do NOT simply add all
+cascades to all associations. Think about which cascades actually
+do make sense for you for a particular association, given the
+scenarios it is most likely used in.
+
+Don't use special characters
+----------------------------
+
+Avoid using any non-ASCII characters in class, field, table or
+column names. Doctrine itself is not unicode-safe in many places
+and will not be until PHP itself is fully unicode-aware.
+
+Don't use identifier quoting
+----------------------------
+
+Identifier quoting is a workaround for using reserved words that
+often causes problems in edge cases. Do not use identifier quoting
+and avoid using reserved words as table or column names.
+
+Initialize collections in the constructor
+-----------------------------------------
+
+It is recommended best practice to initialize any business
+collections in entities in the constructor. Example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    namespace MyProject\Model;
+    use Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection;
+    
+    class User {
+        private $addresses;
+        private $articles;
+    
+        public function __construct() {
+            $this->addresses = new ArrayCollection;
+            $this->articles = new ArrayCollection;
+        }
+    }
+
+Don't map foreign keys to fields in an entity
+---------------------------------------------
+
+Foreign keys have no meaning whatsoever in an object model. Foreign
+keys are how a relational database establishes relationships. Your
+object model establishes relationships through object references.
+Thus mapping foreign keys to object fields heavily leaks details of
+the relational model into the object model, something you really
+should not do.
+
+Use explicit transaction demarcation
+------------------------------------
+
+While Doctrine will automatically wrap all DML operations in a
+transaction on flush(), it is considered best practice to
+explicitly set the transaction boundaries yourself. Otherwise every
+single query is wrapped in a small transaction (Yes, SELECT
+queries, too) since you can not talk to your database outside of a
+transaction. While such short transactions for read-only (SELECT)
+queries generally don't have any noticeable performance impact, it
+is still preferable to use fewer, well-defined transactions that
+are established through explicit transaction boundaries.
+
+

docs/en/reference/caching.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+Caching
+=======
+
+Doctrine provides cache drivers in the ``doctrine/cache`` package for some
+of the most popular caching implementations such as APCu, Memcache
+and Xcache. We also provide an ``ArrayCache`` driver which stores
+the data in a PHP array. Obviously, when using ``ArrayCache``, the 
+cache does not persist between requests, but this is useful for 
+testing in a development environment.
+
+Cache Drivers
+-------------
+
+The cache drivers follow a simple interface that is defined in
+``Doctrine\Common\Cache\Cache``. All the cache drivers extend a
+base class ``Doctrine\Common\Cache\CacheProvider`` which implements
+this interface.
+
+The interface defines the following public methods for you to implement:
+
+
+-  fetch($id) - Fetches an entry from the cache
+-  contains($id) - Test if an entry exists in the cache
+-  save($id, $data, $lifeTime = false) - Puts data into the cache for x seconds. 0 = infinite time
+-  delete($id) - Deletes a cache entry
+
+Each driver extends the ``CacheProvider`` class which defines a few
+abstract protected methods that each of the drivers must
+implement:
+
+
+-  doFetch($id)
+-  doContains($id)
+-  doSave($id, $data, $lifeTime = false)
+-  doDelete($id)
+
+The public methods ``fetch()``, ``contains()`` etc. use the
+above protected methods which are implemented by the drivers. The
+code is organized this way so that the protected methods in the
+drivers do the raw interaction with the cache implementation and
+the ``CacheProvider`` can build custom functionality on top of
+these methods.
+
+This documentation does not cover every single cache driver included
+with Doctrine. For an up-to-date-list, see the
+`cache directory on GitHub <https://github.com/doctrine/cache/tree/2.8.x/lib/Doctrine/Common/Cache>`_.
+
+PhpFileCache
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The preferred cache driver for metadata and query caches is ``PhpFileCache``.
+This driver serializes cache items and writes them to a file. This allows for
+opcode caching to be used and provides high performance in most scenarios.
+
+In order to use the ``PhpFileCache`` driver it must be able to write to
+a directory.
+
+Below is an example of how to use the ``PhpFileCache`` driver by itself.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $cacheDriver = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\PhpFileCache(
+        '/path/to/writable/directory'
+    );
+    $cacheDriver->save('cache_id', 'my_data');
+
+The PhpFileCache is not distributed across multiple machines if you are running
+your application in a distributed setup. This is ok for the metadata and query
+cache but is not a good approach for the result cache.
+
+Memcache
+~~~~~~~~
+
+In order to use the Memcache cache driver you must have it compiled
+and enabled in your php.ini. You can read about Memcache
+`on the PHP website <https://php.net/memcache>`_. It will
+give you a little background information about what it is and how
+you can use it as well as how to install it.
+
+Below is a simple example of how you could use the Memcache cache
+driver by itself.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $memcache = new Memcache();
+    $memcache->connect('memcache_host', 11211);
+    
+    $cacheDriver = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\MemcacheCache();
+    $cacheDriver->setMemcache($memcache);
+    $cacheDriver->save('cache_id', 'my_data');
+
+Memcached
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+Memcached is a more recent and complete alternative extension to
+Memcache.
+
+In order to use the Memcached cache driver you must have it compiled
+and enabled in your php.ini. You can read about Memcached
+`on the PHP website <https://php.net/memcached>`_. It will
+give you a little background information about what it is and how
+you can use it as well as how to install it.
+
+Below is a simple example of how you could use the Memcached cache
+driver by itself.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $memcached = new Memcached();
+    $memcached->addServer('memcache_host', 11211);
+    
+    $cacheDriver = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\MemcachedCache();
+    $cacheDriver->setMemcached($memcached);
+    $cacheDriver->save('cache_id', 'my_data');
+
+Redis
+~~~~~
+
+In order to use the Redis cache driver you must have it compiled
+and enabled in your php.ini. You can read about what Redis is
+`from here <https://redis.io/>`_. Also check
+`A PHP extension for Redis <https://github.com/nicolasff/phpredis/>`_ for how you can use
+and install the Redis PHP extension.
+
+Below is a simple example of how you could use the Redis cache
+driver by itself.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $redis = new Redis();
+    $redis->connect('redis_host', 6379);
+
+    $cacheDriver = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\RedisCache();
+    $cacheDriver->setRedis($redis);
+    $cacheDriver->save('cache_id', 'my_data');
+
+Using Cache Drivers
+-------------------
+
+In this section we'll describe how you can fully utilize the API of
+the cache drivers to save data to a cache, check if some cached data 
+exists, fetch the cached data and delete the cached data. We'll use the
+``ArrayCache`` implementation as our example here.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $cacheDriver = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ArrayCache();
+
+Saving
+~~~~~~
+
+Saving some data to the cache driver is as simple as using the
+``save()`` method.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $cacheDriver->save('cache_id', 'my_data');
+
+The ``save()`` method accepts three arguments which are described
+below:
+
+
+-  ``$id`` - The cache id
+-  ``$data`` - The cache entry/data.
+-  ``$lifeTime`` - The lifetime. If != false, sets a specific
+   lifetime for this cache entry (null => infinite lifeTime).
+
+You can save any type of data whether it be a string, array,
+object, etc.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $array = array(
+        'key1' => 'value1',
+        'key2' => 'value2'
+    );
+    $cacheDriver->save('my_array', $array);
+
+Checking
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Checking whether cached data exists is very simple: just use the
+``contains()`` method. It accepts a single argument which is the ID
+of the cache entry.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    if ($cacheDriver->contains('cache_id')) {
+        echo 'cache exists';
+    } else {
+        echo 'cache does not exist';
+    }
+
+Fetching
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Now if you want to retrieve some cache entry you can use the
+``fetch()`` method. It also accepts a single argument just like
+``contains()`` which is again the ID of the cache entry.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $array = $cacheDriver->fetch('my_array');
+
+Deleting
+~~~~~~~~
+
+As you might guess, deleting is just as easy as saving, checking
+and fetching. You can delete by an individual ID, or you can 
+delete all entries.
+
+By Cache ID
+^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $cacheDriver->delete('my_array');
+
+All
+^^^
+
+If you simply want to delete all cache entries you can do so with
+the ``deleteAll()`` method.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $deleted = $cacheDriver->deleteAll();
+
+Namespaces
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If you heavily use caching in your application and use it in
+multiple parts of your application, or use it in different
+applications on the same server you may have issues with cache
+naming collisions. This can be worked around by using namespaces.
+You can set the namespace a cache driver should use by using the
+``setNamespace()`` method.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $cacheDriver->setNamespace('my_namespace_');
+
+.. _integrating-with-the-orm:
+
+Integrating with the ORM
+------------------------
+
+The Doctrine ORM package is tightly integrated with the cache
+drivers to allow you to improve the performance of various aspects of
+Doctrine by simply making some additional configurations and
+method calls.
+
+Query Cache
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+It is highly recommended that in a production environment you cache
+the transformation of a DQL query to its SQL counterpart. It
+doesn't make sense to do this parsing multiple times as it doesn't
+change unless you alter the DQL query.
+
+This can be done by configuring the query cache implementation to
+use on your ORM configuration.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $cacheDriver = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\PhpFileCache(
+        '/path/to/writable/directory'
+    );
+    $config = new \Doctrine\ORM\Configuration();
+    $config->setQueryCacheImpl($cacheDriver);
+
+Result Cache
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The result cache can be used to cache the results of your queries
+so that we don't have to query the database again after the first time.
+You just need to configure the result cache implementation.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $cacheDriver = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\PhpFileCache(
+        '/path/to/writable/directory'
+    );
+    $config = new \Doctrine\ORM\Configuration();
+    $config->setResultCacheImpl($cacheDriver);
+
+Now when you're executing DQL queries you can configure them to use
+the result cache.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $query = $em->createQuery('select u from \Entities\User u');
+    $query->enableResultCache();
+
+You can also configure an individual query to use a different
+result cache driver.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $cacheDriver = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\PhpFileCache(
+        '/path/to/writable/directory'
+    );
+    $query->setResultCacheDriver($cacheDriver);
+
+.. note::
+
+    Setting the result cache driver on the query will
+    automatically enable the result cache for the query. If you want to
+    disable it use ``disableResultCache()``.
+
+    ::
+
+        <?php
+        $query->disableResultCache();
+
+
+If you want to set the time the cache has to live you can use the
+``setResultCacheLifetime()`` method.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $query->setResultCacheLifetime(3600);
+
+The ID used to store the result set cache is a hash which is
+automatically generated for you if you don't set a custom ID
+yourself with the ``setResultCacheId()`` method.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $query->setResultCacheId('my_custom_id');
+
+You can also set the lifetime and cache ID by passing the values as
+the first and second argument to ``enableResultCache()``.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $query->enableResultCache(3600, 'my_custom_id');
+
+Metadata Cache
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Your class metadata can be parsed from a few different sources like
+YAML, XML, Annotations, etc. Instead of parsing this information on
+each request we should cache it using one of the cache drivers.
+
+Just like the query and result cache we need to configure it
+first.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $cacheDriver = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\PhpFileCache(
+        '/path/to/writable/directory'
+    );
+    $config = new \Doctrine\ORM\Configuration();
+    $config->setMetadataCacheImpl($cacheDriver);
+
+Now the metadata information will only be parsed once and stored in
+the cache driver.
+
+Clearing the Cache
+------------------
+
+We've already shown you how you can use the API of the
+cache drivers to manually delete cache entries. For your
+convenience we offer command line tasks to help you with
+clearing the query, result and metadata cache.
+
+From the Doctrine command line you can run the following commands:
+
+To clear the query cache use the ``orm:clear-cache:query`` task.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $ ./doctrine orm:clear-cache:query
+
+To clear the metadata cache use the ``orm:clear-cache:metadata`` task.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $ ./doctrine orm:clear-cache:metadata
+
+To clear the result cache use the ``orm:clear-cache:result`` task.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $ ./doctrine orm:clear-cache:result
+
+All these tasks accept a ``--flush`` option to flush the entire
+contents of the cache instead of invalidating the entries.
+
+.. note::
+
+    None of these tasks will work with APC, APCu, or XCache drivers
+    because the memory that the cache is stored in is only accessible
+    to the webserver.
+
+Cache Chaining
+--------------
+
+A common pattern is to use a static cache to store data that is
+requested many times in a single PHP request. Even though this data
+may be stored in a fast memory cache, often that cache is over a
+network link leading to sizable network traffic.
+
+The ChainCache class allows multiple caches to be registered at once.
+For example, a per-request ArrayCache can be used first, followed by
+a (relatively) slower MemcacheCache if the ArrayCache misses.
+ChainCache automatically handles pushing data up to faster caches in
+the chain and clearing data in the entire stack when it is deleted.
+
+A ChainCache takes a simple array of CacheProviders in the order that
+they should be used.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $arrayCache = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ArrayCache();
+    $memcache = new Memcache();
+    $memcache->connect('memcache_host', 11211);
+    $chainCache = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ChainCache([
+        $arrayCache,
+        $memcache,
+    ]);
+
+ChainCache itself extends the CacheProvider interface, so it is
+possible to create chains of chains. While this may seem like an easy
+way to build a simple high-availability cache, ChainCache does not
+implement any exception handling so using it as a high-availability
+mechanism is not recommended.
+
+Cache Slams
+-----------
+
+Something to be careful of when using the cache drivers is
+"cache slams". Imagine you have a heavily trafficked website with some
+code that checks for the existence of a cache record and if it does
+not exist it generates the information and saves it to the cache.
+Now, if 100 requests were issued all at the same time and each one
+sees the cache does not exist and they all try to insert the same
+cache entry it could lock up APC, Xcache, etc. and cause problems.
+Ways exist to work around this, like pre-populating your cache and
+not letting your users' requests populate the cache.
+
+You can read more about cache slams
+`in this blog post <http://notmysock.org/blog/php/user-cache-timebomb.html>`_.
+
+

docs/en/reference/change-tracking-policies.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+Change Tracking Policies
+========================
+
+Change tracking is the process of determining what has changed in
+managed entities since the last time they were synchronized with
+the database.
+
+Doctrine provides 3 different change tracking policies, each having
+its particular advantages and disadvantages. The change tracking
+policy can be defined on a per-class basis (or more precisely,
+per-hierarchy).
+
+Deferred Implicit
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The deferred implicit policy is the default change tracking policy
+and the most convenient one. With this policy, Doctrine detects the
+changes by a property-by-property comparison at commit time and
+also detects changes to entities or new entities that are
+referenced by other managed entities ("persistence by
+reachability"). Although the most convenient policy, it can have
+negative effects on performance if you are dealing with large units
+of work (see "Understanding the Unit of Work"). Since Doctrine
+can't know what has changed, it needs to check all managed entities
+for changes every time you invoke EntityManager#flush(), making
+this operation rather costly.
+
+Deferred Explicit
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The deferred explicit policy is similar to the deferred implicit
+policy in that it detects changes through a property-by-property
+comparison at commit time. The difference is that Doctrine ORM only
+considers entities that have been explicitly marked for change detection
+through a call to EntityManager#persist(entity) or through a save
+cascade. All other entities are skipped. This policy therefore
+gives improved performance for larger units of work while
+sacrificing the behavior of "automatic dirty checking".
+
+Therefore, flush() operations are potentially cheaper with this
+policy. The negative aspect this has is that if you have a rather
+large application and you pass your objects through several layers
+for processing purposes and business tasks you may need to track
+yourself which entities have changed on the way so you can pass
+them to EntityManager#persist().
+
+This policy can be configured as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * @Entity
+     * @ChangeTrackingPolicy("DEFERRED_EXPLICIT")
+     */
+    class User
+    {
+        // ...
+    }
+
+Notify
+~~~~~~
+
+.. note::
+
+    The notify change tracking policy is deprecated and will be removed in ORM 3.0.
+    (`Details <https://github.com/doctrine/orm/issues/8383>`_)
+
+This policy is based on the assumption that the entities notify
+interested listeners of changes to their properties. For that
+purpose, a class that wants to use this policy needs to implement
+the ``NotifyPropertyChanged`` interface from the Doctrine
+namespace. As a guideline, such an implementation can look as
+follows:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\Persistence\NotifyPropertyChanged,
+        Doctrine\Persistence\PropertyChangedListener;
+    
+    /**
+     * @Entity
+     * @ChangeTrackingPolicy("NOTIFY")
+     */
+    class MyEntity implements NotifyPropertyChanged
+    {
+        // ...
+    
+        private $_listeners = array();
+    
+        public function addPropertyChangedListener(PropertyChangedListener $listener)
+        {
+            $this->_listeners[] = $listener;
+        }
+    }
+
+Then, in each property setter of this class or derived classes, you
+need to notify all the ``PropertyChangedListener`` instances. As an
+example we add a convenience method on ``MyEntity`` that shows this
+behaviour:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // ...
+    
+    class MyEntity implements NotifyPropertyChanged
+    {
+        // ...
+    
+        protected function _onPropertyChanged($propName, $oldValue, $newValue)
+        {
+            if ($this->_listeners) {
+                foreach ($this->_listeners as $listener) {
+                    $listener->propertyChanged($this, $propName, $oldValue, $newValue);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    
+        public function setData($data)
+        {
+            if ($data != $this->data) {
+                $this->_onPropertyChanged('data', $this->data, $data);
+                $this->data = $data;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+You have to invoke ``_onPropertyChanged`` inside every method that
+changes the persistent state of ``MyEntity``.
+
+The check whether the new value is different from the old one is
+not mandatory but recommended. That way you also have full control
+over when you consider a property changed.
+
+The negative point of this policy is obvious: You need implement an
+interface and write some plumbing code. But also note that we tried
+hard to keep this notification functionality abstract. Strictly
+speaking, it has nothing to do with the persistence layer and the
+Doctrine ORM or DBAL. You may find that property notification
+events come in handy in many other scenarios as well. As mentioned
+earlier, the ``Doctrine\Common`` namespace is not that evil and
+consists solely of very small classes and interfaces that have
+almost no external dependencies (none to the DBAL and none to the
+ORM) and that you can easily take with you should you want to swap
+out the persistence layer. This change tracking policy does not
+introduce a dependency on the Doctrine DBAL/ORM or the persistence
+layer.
+
+The positive point and main advantage of this policy is its
+effectiveness. It has the best performance characteristics of the 3
+policies with larger units of work and a flush() operation is very
+cheap when nothing has changed.
+
+

docs/en/reference/configuration.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+Installation and Configuration
+==============================
+
+Doctrine can be installed with `Composer <https://getcomposer.org>`_.
+
+Define the following requirement in your ``composer.json`` file:
+
+::
+
+    {
+        "require": {
+            "doctrine/orm": "*"
+        }
+    }
+
+Then call ``composer install`` from your command line. If you don't know
+how Composer works, check out their `Getting Started <https://getcomposer.org/doc/00-intro.md>`_ to set up.
+
+Class loading
+-------------
+
+Autoloading is taken care of by Composer. You just have to include the composer autoload file in your project:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // bootstrap.php
+    // Include Composer Autoload (relative to project root).
+    require_once "vendor/autoload.php";
+
+Obtaining an EntityManager
+--------------------------
+
+Once you have prepared the class loading, you acquire an
+*EntityManager* instance. The EntityManager class is the primary
+access point to ORM functionality provided by Doctrine.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // bootstrap.php
+    require_once "vendor/autoload.php";
+
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Setup;
+    use Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager;
+
+    $paths = array("/path/to/entity-files");
+    $isDevMode = false;
+
+    // the connection configuration
+    $dbParams = array(
+        'driver'   => 'pdo_mysql',
+        'user'     => 'root',
+        'password' => '',
+        'dbname'   => 'foo',
+    );
+
+    $config = Setup::createAnnotationMetadataConfiguration($paths, $isDevMode);
+    $entityManager = EntityManager::create($dbParams, $config);
+
+Or if you prefer XML:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $paths = array("/path/to/xml-mappings");
+    $config = Setup::createXMLMetadataConfiguration($paths, $isDevMode);
+    $entityManager = EntityManager::create($dbParams, $config);
+
+Or if you prefer YAML:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $paths = array("/path/to/yml-mappings");
+    $config = Setup::createYAMLMetadataConfiguration($paths, $isDevMode);
+    $entityManager = EntityManager::create($dbParams, $config);
+
+.. note::
+    If you want to use yml mapping you should add yaml dependency to your `composer.json`:
+    
+    ::
+    
+        "symfony/yaml": "*"
+
+Inside the ``Setup`` methods several assumptions are made:
+
+-  If `$isDevMode` is true caching is done in memory with the ``ArrayCache``. Proxy objects are recreated on every request.
+-  If `$isDevMode` is false, check for Caches in the order APC, Xcache, Memcache (127.0.0.1:11211), Redis (127.0.0.1:6379) unless `$cache` is passed as fourth argument.
+-  If `$isDevMode` is false, set then proxy classes have to be explicitly created through the command line.
+-  If third argument `$proxyDir` is not set, use the systems temporary directory.
+
+If you want to configure Doctrine in more detail, take a look at the :doc:`Advanced Configuration <reference/advanced-configuration>` section.
+
+.. note::
+
+    You can learn more about the database connection configuration in the
+    `Doctrine DBAL connection configuration reference <https://docs.doctrine-project.org/projects/doctrine-dbal/en/latest/reference/configuration.html>`_.
+
+Setting up the Commandline Tool
+-------------------------------
+
+Doctrine ships with a number of command line tools that are very helpful
+during development. You can call this command from the Composer binary
+directory:
+
+.. code-block:: sh
+
+    $ php vendor/bin/doctrine
+
+You need to register your applications EntityManager to the console tool
+to make use of the tasks by creating a ``cli-config.php`` file with the
+following content:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Console\ConsoleRunner;
+
+    // replace with file to your own project bootstrap
+    require_once 'bootstrap.php';
+
+    // replace with mechanism to retrieve EntityManager in your app
+    $entityManager = GetEntityManager();
+
+    return ConsoleRunner::createHelperSet($entityManager);

docs/en/reference/events.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,993 @@
+Events
+======
+
+Doctrine ORM features a lightweight event system that is part of the
+Common package. Doctrine uses it to dispatch system events, mainly
+:ref:`lifecycle events <reference-events-lifecycle-events>`.
+You can also use it for your own custom events.
+
+The Event System
+----------------
+
+The event system is controlled by the ``EventManager``. It is the
+central point of Doctrine's event listener system. Listeners are
+registered on the manager and events are dispatched through the
+manager.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $evm = new EventManager();
+
+Now we can add some event listeners to the ``$evm``. Let's create a
+``TestEvent`` class to play around with.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class TestEvent
+    {
+        const preFoo = 'preFoo';
+        const postFoo = 'postFoo';
+
+        private $_evm;
+
+        public $preFooInvoked = false;
+        public $postFooInvoked = false;
+
+        public function __construct($evm)
+        {
+            $evm->addEventListener(array(self::preFoo, self::postFoo), $this);
+        }
+
+        public function preFoo(EventArgs $e)
+        {
+            $this->preFooInvoked = true;
+        }
+
+        public function postFoo(EventArgs $e)
+        {
+            $this->postFooInvoked = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Create a new instance
+    $test = new TestEvent($evm);
+
+Events can be dispatched by using the ``dispatchEvent()`` method.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $evm->dispatchEvent(TestEvent::preFoo);
+    $evm->dispatchEvent(TestEvent::postFoo);
+
+You can easily remove a listener with the ``removeEventListener()``
+method.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $evm->removeEventListener(array(self::preFoo, self::postFoo), $this);
+
+The Doctrine ORM event system also has a simple concept of event
+subscribers. We can define a simple ``TestEventSubscriber`` class
+which implements the ``\Doctrine\Common\EventSubscriber`` interface
+and implements a ``getSubscribedEvents()`` method which returns an
+array of events it should be subscribed to.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class TestEventSubscriber implements \Doctrine\Common\EventSubscriber
+    {
+        public $preFooInvoked = false;
+
+        public function preFoo()
+        {
+            $this->preFooInvoked = true;
+        }
+
+        public function getSubscribedEvents()
+        {
+            return array(TestEvent::preFoo);
+        }
+    }
+
+    $eventSubscriber = new TestEventSubscriber();
+    $evm->addEventSubscriber($eventSubscriber);
+
+.. note::
+
+    The array to return in the ``getSubscribedEvents`` method is a simple array
+    with the values being the event names. The subscriber must have a method
+    that is named exactly like the event.
+
+Now when you dispatch an event, any event subscribers will be
+notified for that event.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $evm->dispatchEvent(TestEvent::preFoo);
+
+Now you can test the ``$eventSubscriber`` instance to see if the
+``preFoo()`` method was invoked.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    if ($eventSubscriber->preFooInvoked) {
+        echo 'pre foo invoked!';
+    }
+
+Naming convention
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Events being used with the Doctrine ORM EventManager are best named
+with camelcase and the value of the corresponding constant should
+be the name of the constant itself, even with spelling. This has
+several reasons:
+
+
+-  It is easy to read.
+-  Simplicity.
+-  Each method within an EventSubscriber is named after the
+   corresponding constant's value. If the constant's name and value differ
+   it contradicts the intention of using the constant and makes your code
+   harder to maintain.
+
+An example for a correct notation can be found in the example
+``TestEvent`` above.
+
+.. _reference-events-lifecycle-events:
+
+Lifecycle Events
+----------------
+
+The ``EntityManager`` and ``UnitOfWork`` classes trigger a bunch of
+events during the life-time of their registered entities.
+
+
+
+-  ``preRemove`` - The ``preRemove`` event occurs for a given entity
+   before the respective ``EntityManager`` remove operation for that
+   entity is executed.  It is not called for a DQL ``DELETE`` statement.
+-  ``postRemove`` - The ``postRemove`` event occurs for an entity after the
+   entity has been deleted. It will be invoked after the database
+   delete operations. It is not called for a DQL ``DELETE`` statement.
+-  ``prePersist`` - The ``prePersist`` event occurs for a given entity
+   before the respective ``EntityManager`` persist operation for that
+   entity is executed. It should be noted that this event is only triggered on
+   *initial* persist of an entity (i.e. it does not trigger on future updates).
+-  ``postPersist`` - The ``postPersist`` event occurs for an entity after
+   the entity has been made persistent. It will be invoked after the
+   database insert operations. Generated primary key values are
+   available in the postPersist event.
+-  ``preUpdate`` - The ``preUpdate`` event occurs before the database
+   update operations to entity data. It is not called for a DQL
+   ``UPDATE`` statement nor when the computed changeset is empty.
+-  ``postUpdate`` - The ``postUpdate`` event occurs after the database
+   update operations to entity data. It is not called for a DQL
+   ``UPDATE`` statement.
+-  ``postLoad`` - The postLoad event occurs for an entity after the
+   entity has been loaded into the current ``EntityManager`` from the
+   database or after the refresh operation has been applied to it.
+-  ``loadClassMetadata`` - The ``loadClassMetadata`` event occurs after the
+   mapping metadata for a class has been loaded from a mapping source
+   (annotations/xml/yaml). This event is not a lifecycle callback.
+-  ``onClassMetadataNotFound`` - Loading class metadata for a particular
+   requested class name failed. Manipulating the given event args instance
+   allows providing fallback metadata even when no actual metadata exists
+   or could be found. This event is not a lifecycle callback.
+-  ``preFlush`` - The ``preFlush`` event occurs at the very beginning of
+   a flush operation.
+-  ``onFlush`` - The ``onFlush`` event occurs after the change-sets of all
+   managed entities are computed. This event is not a lifecycle
+   callback.
+-  ``postFlush`` - The ``postFlush`` event occurs at the end of a flush operation. This
+   event is not a lifecycle callback.
+-  ``onClear`` - The ``onClear`` event occurs when the
+   ``EntityManager#clear()`` operation is invoked, after all references
+   to entities have been removed from the unit of work. This event is not
+   a lifecycle callback.
+
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Note that, when using ``Doctrine\ORM\AbstractQuery#toIterable()``, ``postLoad``
+    events will be executed immediately after objects are being hydrated, and therefore
+    associations are not guaranteed to be initialized. It is not safe to combine
+    usage of ``Doctrine\ORM\AbstractQuery#toIterable()`` and ``postLoad`` event
+    handlers.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Note that the ``postRemove`` event or any events triggered after an entity removal
+    can receive an uninitializable proxy in case you have configured an entity to
+    cascade remove relations. In this case, you should load yourself the proxy in
+    the associated pre event.
+
+You can access the Event constants from the ``Events`` class in the
+ORM package.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Events;
+    echo Events::preUpdate;
+
+These can be hooked into by two different types of event
+listeners:
+
+-  Lifecycle Callbacks are methods on the entity classes that are
+   called when the event is triggered. They receive some kind
+   of ``EventArgs`` instance.
+-  Lifecycle Event Listeners and Subscribers are classes with specific callback
+   methods that receives some kind of ``EventArgs`` instance.
+
+The ``EventArgs`` instance received by the listener gives access to the entity,
+``EntityManager`` instance and other relevant data.
+
+.. note::
+
+    All Lifecycle events that happen during the ``flush()`` of
+    an ``EntityManager`` have very specific constraints on the allowed
+    operations that can be executed. Please read the
+    :ref:`reference-events-implementing-listeners` section very carefully
+    to understand which operations are allowed in which lifecycle event.
+
+
+Lifecycle Callbacks
+-------------------
+
+Lifecycle Callbacks are defined on an entity class. They allow you to
+trigger callbacks whenever an instance of that entity class experiences
+a relevant lifecycle event. More than one callback can be defined for each
+lifecycle event. Lifecycle Callbacks are best used for simple operations
+specific to a particular entity class's lifecycle.
+
+
+.. note::
+
+    Note that Licecycle Callbacks are not supported for Embeddables.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    /** @Entity @HasLifecycleCallbacks */
+    class User
+    {
+        // ...
+
+        /**
+         * @Column(type="string", length=255)
+         */
+        public $value;
+
+        /** @Column(name="created_at", type="string", length=255) */
+        private $createdAt;
+
+        /** @PrePersist */
+        public function doStuffOnPrePersist()
+        {
+            $this->createdAt = date('Y-m-d H:i:s');
+        }
+
+        /** @PrePersist */
+        public function doOtherStuffOnPrePersist()
+        {
+            $this->value = 'changed from prePersist callback!';
+        }
+
+        /** @PostPersist */
+        public function doStuffOnPostPersist()
+        {
+            $this->value = 'changed from postPersist callback!';
+        }
+
+        /** @PostLoad */
+        public function doStuffOnPostLoad()
+        {
+            $this->value = 'changed from postLoad callback!';
+        }
+
+        /** @PreUpdate */
+        public function doStuffOnPreUpdate()
+        {
+            $this->value = 'changed from preUpdate callback!';
+        }
+    }
+
+Note that the methods set as lifecycle callbacks need to be public and,
+when using these annotations, you have to apply the
+``@HasLifecycleCallbacks`` marker annotation on the entity class.
+
+If you want to register lifecycle callbacks from YAML or XML you
+can do it with the following.
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+    User:
+      type: entity
+      fields:
+    # ...
+        name:
+          type: string(50)
+      lifecycleCallbacks:
+        prePersist: [ doStuffOnPrePersist, doOtherStuffOnPrePersist ]
+        postPersist: [ doStuffOnPostPersist ]
+
+In YAML the ``key`` of the lifecycleCallbacks entry is the event that you
+are triggering on and the value is the method (or methods) to call. The allowed
+event types are the ones listed in the previous Lifecycle Events section.
+
+XML would look something like this:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+
+    <doctrine-mapping xmlns="https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping"
+          xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+          xsi:schemaLocation="https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping
+                              https://www.doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd">
+
+        <entity name="User">
+
+            <lifecycle-callbacks>
+                <lifecycle-callback type="prePersist" method="doStuffOnPrePersist"/>
+                <lifecycle-callback type="postPersist" method="doStuffOnPostPersist"/>
+            </lifecycle-callbacks>
+
+        </entity>
+
+    </doctrine-mapping>
+
+In XML the ``type`` of the lifecycle-callback entry is the event that you
+are triggering on and the ``method`` is the method to call. The allowed event
+types are the ones listed in the previous Lifecycle Events section.
+
+When using YAML or XML you need to remember to create public methods to match the
+callback names you defined. E.g. in these examples ``doStuffOnPrePersist()``,
+``doOtherStuffOnPrePersist()`` and ``doStuffOnPostPersist()`` methods need to be
+defined on your ``User`` model.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // ...
+
+    class User
+    {
+        // ...
+
+        public function doStuffOnPrePersist()
+        {
+            // ...
+        }
+
+        public function doOtherStuffOnPrePersist()
+        {
+            // ...
+        }
+
+        public function doStuffOnPostPersist()
+        {
+            // ...
+        }
+    }
+
+
+Lifecycle Callbacks Event Argument
+-----------------------------------
+
+The triggered event is also given to the lifecycle-callback.
+
+With the additional argument you have access to the
+``EntityManager`` and ``UnitOfWork`` APIs inside these callback methods.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // ...
+
+    class User
+    {
+        public function preUpdate(PreUpdateEventArgs $event)
+        {
+            if ($event->hasChangedField('username')) {
+                // Do something when the username is changed.
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+Listening and subscribing to Lifecycle Events
+---------------------------------------------
+
+Lifecycle event listeners are much more powerful than the simple
+lifecycle callbacks that are defined on the entity classes. They
+sit at a level above the entities and allow you to implement re-usable
+behaviors across different entity classes.
+
+Note that they require much more detailed knowledge about the inner
+workings of the ``EntityManager`` and ``UnitOfWork`` classes. Please
+read the :ref:`reference-events-implementing-listeners` section
+carefully if you are trying to write your own listener.
+
+For event subscribers, there are no surprises. They declare the
+lifecycle events in their ``getSubscribedEvents`` method and provide
+public methods that expect the relevant arguments.
+
+A lifecycle event listener looks like the following:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\Persistence\Event\LifecycleEventArgs;
+
+    class MyEventListener
+    {
+        public function preUpdate(LifecycleEventArgs $args)
+        {
+            $entity = $args->getObject();
+            $entityManager = $args->getObjectManager();
+
+            // perhaps you only want to act on some "Product" entity
+            if ($entity instanceof Product) {
+                // do something with the Product
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+A lifecycle event subscriber may look like this:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Events;
+    use Doctrine\EventSubscriber;
+    use Doctrine\Persistence\Event\LifecycleEventArgs;
+
+    class MyEventSubscriber implements EventSubscriber
+    {
+        public function getSubscribedEvents()
+        {
+            return array(
+                Events::postUpdate,
+            );
+        }
+
+        public function postUpdate(LifecycleEventArgs $args)
+        {
+            $entity = $args->getObject();
+            $entityManager = $args->getObjectManager();
+
+            // perhaps you only want to act on some "Product" entity
+            if ($entity instanceof Product) {
+                // do something with the Product
+            }
+        }
+
+.. note::
+
+    Lifecycle events are triggered for all entities. It is the responsibility
+    of the listeners and subscribers to check if the entity is of a type
+    it wants to handle.
+
+To register an event listener or subscriber, you have to hook it into the
+EventManager that is passed to the EntityManager factory:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $eventManager = new EventManager();
+    $eventManager->addEventListener(array(Events::preUpdate), new MyEventListener());
+    $eventManager->addEventSubscriber(new MyEventSubscriber());
+
+    $entityManager = EntityManager::create($dbOpts, $config, $eventManager);
+
+You can also retrieve the event manager instance after the
+EntityManager was created:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $entityManager->getEventManager()->addEventListener(array(Events::preUpdate), new MyEventListener());
+    $entityManager->getEventManager()->addEventSubscriber(new MyEventSubscriber());
+
+.. _reference-events-implementing-listeners:
+
+Implementing Event Listeners
+----------------------------
+
+This section explains what is and what is not allowed during
+specific lifecycle events of the ``UnitOfWork`` class. Although you get
+passed the ``EntityManager`` instance in all of these events, you have
+to follow these restrictions very carefully since operations in the
+wrong event may produce lots of different errors, such as inconsistent
+data and lost updates/persists/removes.
+
+For the described events that are also lifecycle callback events
+the restrictions apply as well, with the additional restriction
+that (prior to version 2.4) you do not have access to the
+``EntityManager`` or ``UnitOfWork`` APIs inside these events.
+
+prePersist
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+There are two ways for the ``prePersist`` event to be triggered.
+One is obviously when you call ``EntityManager#persist()``. The
+event is also called for all cascaded associations.
+
+There is another way for ``prePersist`` to be called, inside the
+``flush()`` method when changes to associations are computed and
+this association is marked as cascade persist. Any new entity found
+during this operation is also persisted and ``prePersist`` called
+on it. This is called "persistence by reachability".
+
+In both cases you get passed a ``LifecycleEventArgs`` instance
+which has access to the entity and the entity manager.
+
+The following restrictions apply to ``prePersist``:
+
+
+-  If you are using a PrePersist Identity Generator such as
+   sequences the ID value will *NOT* be available within any
+   PrePersist events.
+-  Doctrine will not recognize changes made to relations in a prePersist
+   event. This includes modifications to
+   collections such as additions, removals or replacement.
+
+preRemove
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+The ``preRemove`` event is called on every entity when its passed
+to the ``EntityManager#remove()`` method. It is cascaded for all
+associations that are marked as cascade delete.
+
+There are no restrictions to what methods can be called inside the
+``preRemove`` event, except when the remove method itself was
+called during a flush operation.
+
+preFlush
+~~~~~~~~
+
+``preFlush`` is called at ``EntityManager#flush()`` before
+anything else. ``EntityManager#flush()`` should not be called inside
+its listeners, since `preFlush` event is dispatched in it, which would
+result in infinite loop.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Event\PreFlushEventArgs;
+
+    class PreFlushExampleListener
+    {
+        public function preFlush(PreFlushEventArgs $args)
+        {
+            // ...
+        }
+    }
+
+onFlush
+~~~~~~~
+
+OnFlush is a very powerful event. It is called inside
+``EntityManager#flush()`` after the changes to all the managed
+entities and their associations have been computed. This means, the
+``onFlush`` event has access to the sets of:
+
+
+-  Entities scheduled for insert
+-  Entities scheduled for update
+-  Entities scheduled for removal
+-  Collections scheduled for update
+-  Collections scheduled for removal
+
+To make use of the ``onFlush`` event you have to be familiar with the
+internal ``UnitOfWork`` API, which grants you access to the previously
+mentioned sets. See this example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class FlushExampleListener
+    {
+        public function onFlush(OnFlushEventArgs $eventArgs)
+        {
+            $em = $eventArgs->getEntityManager();
+            $uow = $em->getUnitOfWork();
+
+            foreach ($uow->getScheduledEntityInsertions() as $entity) {
+
+            }
+
+            foreach ($uow->getScheduledEntityUpdates() as $entity) {
+
+            }
+
+            foreach ($uow->getScheduledEntityDeletions() as $entity) {
+
+            }
+
+            foreach ($uow->getScheduledCollectionDeletions() as $col) {
+
+            }
+
+            foreach ($uow->getScheduledCollectionUpdates() as $col) {
+
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+The following restrictions apply to the onFlush event:
+
+
+-  If you create and persist a new entity in ``onFlush``, then
+   calling ``EntityManager#persist()`` is not enough.
+   You have to execute an additional call to
+   ``$unitOfWork->computeChangeSet($classMetadata, $entity)``.
+-  Changing primitive fields or associations requires you to
+   explicitly trigger a re-computation of the changeset of the
+   affected entity. This can be done by calling
+   ``$unitOfWork->recomputeSingleEntityChangeSet($classMetadata, $entity)``.
+
+postFlush
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+``postFlush`` is called at the end of ``EntityManager#flush()``.
+``EntityManager#flush()`` can **NOT** be called safely inside its listeners.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Event\PostFlushEventArgs;
+
+    class PostFlushExampleListener
+    {
+        public function postFlush(PostFlushEventArgs $args)
+        {
+            // ...
+        }
+    }
+
+preUpdate
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+PreUpdate is the most restrictive to use event, since it is called
+right before an update statement is called for an entity inside the
+``EntityManager#flush()`` method. Note that this event is not
+triggered when the computed changeset is empty.
+
+Changes to associations of the updated entity are never allowed in
+this event, since Doctrine cannot guarantee to correctly handle
+referential integrity at this point of the flush operation. This
+event has a powerful feature however, it is executed with a
+``PreUpdateEventArgs`` instance, which contains a reference to the
+computed change-set of this entity.
+
+This means you have access to all the fields that have changed for
+this entity with their old and new value. The following methods are
+available on the ``PreUpdateEventArgs``:
+
+
+-  ``getEntity()`` to get access to the actual entity.
+-  ``getEntityChangeSet()`` to get a copy of the changeset array.
+   Changes to this returned array do not affect updating.
+-  ``hasChangedField($fieldName)`` to check if the given field name
+   of the current entity changed.
+-  ``getOldValue($fieldName)`` and ``getNewValue($fieldName)`` to
+   access the values of a field.
+-  ``setNewValue($fieldName, $value)`` to change the value of a
+   field to be updated.
+
+A simple example for this event looks like:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class NeverAliceOnlyBobListener
+    {
+        public function preUpdate(PreUpdateEventArgs $eventArgs)
+        {
+            if ($eventArgs->getEntity() instanceof User) {
+                if ($eventArgs->hasChangedField('name') && $eventArgs->getNewValue('name') == 'Alice') {
+                    $eventArgs->setNewValue('name', 'Bob');
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+You could also use this listener to implement validation of all the
+fields that have changed. This is more efficient than using a
+lifecycle callback when there are expensive validations to call:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class ValidCreditCardListener
+    {
+        public function preUpdate(PreUpdateEventArgs $eventArgs)
+        {
+            if ($eventArgs->getEntity() instanceof Account) {
+                if ($eventArgs->hasChangedField('creditCard')) {
+                    $this->validateCreditCard($eventArgs->getNewValue('creditCard'));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private function validateCreditCard($no)
+        {
+            // throw an exception to interrupt flush event. Transaction will be rolled back.
+        }
+    }
+
+Restrictions for this event:
+
+
+-  Changes to associations of the passed entities are not
+   recognized by the flush operation anymore.
+-  Changes to fields of the passed entities are not recognized by
+   the flush operation anymore, use the computed change-set passed to
+   the event to modify primitive field values, e.g. use
+   ``$eventArgs->setNewValue($field, $value);`` as in the Alice to Bob example above.
+-  Any calls to ``EntityManager#persist()`` or
+   ``EntityManager#remove()``, even in combination with the ``UnitOfWork``
+   API are strongly discouraged and don't work as expected outside the
+   flush operation.
+
+postUpdate, postRemove, postPersist
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The three post events are called inside ``EntityManager#flush()``.
+Changes in here are not relevant to the persistence in the
+database, but you can use these events to alter non-persistable items,
+like non-mapped fields, logging or even associated classes that are
+not directly mapped by Doctrine.
+
+postLoad
+~~~~~~~~
+
+This event is called after an entity is constructed by the
+EntityManager.
+
+Entity listeners
+----------------
+
+An entity listener is a lifecycle listener class used for an entity.
+
+- The entity listener's mapping may be applied to an entity class or mapped superclass.
+- An entity listener is defined by mapping the entity class with the corresponding mapping.
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        namespace MyProject\Entity;
+
+        /** @Entity @EntityListeners({"UserListener"}) */
+        class User
+        {
+            // ....
+        }
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+            <entity name="MyProject\Entity\User">
+                <entity-listeners>
+                    <entity-listener class="UserListener"/>
+                </entity-listeners>
+                <!-- .... -->
+            </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        MyProject\Entity\User:
+          type: entity
+          entityListeners:
+            UserListener:
+          # ....
+
+.. _reference-entity-listeners:
+
+Entity listeners class
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+An ``Entity Listener`` could be any class, by default it should be a class with a no-arg constructor.
+
+- Different from :ref:`reference-events-implementing-listeners` an ``Entity Listener`` is invoked just to the specified entity
+- An entity listener method receives two arguments, the entity instance and the lifecycle event.
+- The callback method can be defined by naming convention or specifying a method mapping.
+- When a listener mapping is not given the parser will use the naming convention to look for a matching method,
+  e.g. it will look for a public ``preUpdate()`` method if you are listening to the ``preUpdate`` event.
+- When a listener mapping is given the parser will not look for any methods using the naming convention.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class UserListener
+    {
+        public function preUpdate(User $user, PreUpdateEventArgs $event)
+        {
+            // Do something on pre update.
+        }
+    }
+
+To define a specific event listener method (one that does not follow the naming convention)
+you need to map the listener method using the event type mapping:
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        class UserListener
+        {
+            /** @PrePersist */
+            public function prePersistHandler(User $user, LifecycleEventArgs $event) { // ... }
+
+            /** @PostPersist */
+            public function postPersistHandler(User $user, LifecycleEventArgs $event) { // ... }
+
+            /** @PreUpdate */
+            public function preUpdateHandler(User $user, PreUpdateEventArgs $event) { // ... }
+
+            /** @PostUpdate */
+            public function postUpdateHandler(User $user, LifecycleEventArgs $event) { // ... }
+
+            /** @PostRemove */
+            public function postRemoveHandler(User $user, LifecycleEventArgs $event) { // ... }
+
+            /** @PreRemove */
+            public function preRemoveHandler(User $user, LifecycleEventArgs $event) { // ... }
+
+            /** @PreFlush */
+            public function preFlushHandler(User $user, PreFlushEventArgs $event) { // ... }
+
+            /** @PostLoad */
+            public function postLoadHandler(User $user, LifecycleEventArgs $event) { // ... }
+        }
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+            <entity name="MyProject\Entity\User">
+                 <entity-listeners>
+                    <entity-listener class="UserListener">
+                        <lifecycle-callback type="preFlush"      method="preFlushHandler"/>
+                        <lifecycle-callback type="postLoad"      method="postLoadHandler"/>
+
+                        <lifecycle-callback type="postPersist"   method="postPersistHandler"/>
+                        <lifecycle-callback type="prePersist"    method="prePersistHandler"/>
+
+                        <lifecycle-callback type="postUpdate"    method="postUpdateHandler"/>
+                        <lifecycle-callback type="preUpdate"     method="preUpdateHandler"/>
+
+                        <lifecycle-callback type="postRemove"    method="postRemoveHandler"/>
+                        <lifecycle-callback type="preRemove"     method="preRemoveHandler"/>
+                    </entity-listener>
+                </entity-listeners>
+                <!-- .... -->
+            </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        MyProject\Entity\User:
+          type: entity
+          entityListeners:
+            UserListener:
+              preFlush: [preFlushHandler]
+              postLoad: [postLoadHandler]
+
+              postPersist: [postPersistHandler]
+              prePersist: [prePersistHandler]
+
+              postUpdate: [postUpdateHandler]
+              preUpdate: [preUpdateHandler]
+
+              postRemove: [postRemoveHandler]
+              preRemove: [preRemoveHandler]
+          # ....
+
+.. note::
+
+    The order of execution of multiple methods for the same event (e.g. multiple @PrePersist) is not guaranteed.
+
+
+Entity listeners resolver
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Doctrine invokes the listener resolver to get the listener instance.
+
+- A resolver allows you register a specific entity listener instance.
+- You can also implement your own resolver by extending ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\DefaultEntityListenerResolver`` or implementing ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\EntityListenerResolver``
+
+Specifying an entity listener instance :
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // User.php
+
+    /** @Entity @EntityListeners({"UserListener"}) */
+    class User
+    {
+        // ....
+    }
+
+    // UserListener.php
+    class UserListener
+    {
+        public function __construct(MyService $service)
+        {
+            $this->service = $service;
+        }
+
+        public function preUpdate(User $user, PreUpdateEventArgs $event)
+        {
+            $this->service->doSomething($user);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // register a entity listener.
+    $listener = $container->get('user_listener');
+    $em->getConfiguration()->getEntityListenerResolver()->register($listener);
+
+Implementing your own resolver :
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class MyEntityListenerResolver extends \Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\DefaultEntityListenerResolver
+    {
+        public function __construct($container)
+        {
+            $this->container = $container;
+        }
+
+        public function resolve($className)
+        {
+            // resolve the service id by the given class name;
+            $id = 'user_listener';
+
+            return $this->container->get($id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Configure the listener resolver only before instantiating the EntityManager
+    $configurations->setEntityListenerResolver(new MyEntityListenerResolver);
+    EntityManager::create(.., $configurations, ..);
+
+Load ClassMetadata Event
+------------------------
+
+When the mapping information for an entity is read, it is populated
+in to a ``ClassMetadataInfo`` instance. You can hook in to this
+process and manipulate the instance.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $test = new TestEvent();
+    $metadataFactory = $em->getMetadataFactory();
+    $evm = $em->getEventManager();
+    $evm->addEventListener(Events::loadClassMetadata, $test);
+
+    class TestEvent
+    {
+        public function loadClassMetadata(\Doctrine\ORM\Event\LoadClassMetadataEventArgs $eventArgs)
+        {
+            $classMetadata = $eventArgs->getClassMetadata();
+            $fieldMapping = array(
+                'fieldName' => 'about',
+                'type' => 'string',
+                'length' => 255
+            );
+            $classMetadata->mapField($fieldMapping);
+        }
+    }
+

docs/en/reference/faq.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+Frequently Asked Questions
+==========================
+
+.. note::
+
+    This FAQ is a work in progress. We will add lots of questions and not answer them right away just to remember
+    what is often asked. If you stumble across an unanswered question please write a mail to the mailing-list or
+    join the #doctrine channel on Freenode IRC.
+
+Database Schema
+---------------
+
+How do I set the charset and collation for MySQL tables?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can't set these values inside the annotations, yml or xml mapping files. To make a database
+work with the default charset and collation you should configure MySQL to use it as default charset,
+or create the database with charset and collation details. This way they get inherited to all newly
+created database tables and columns.
+
+Entity Classes
+--------------
+
+How can I add default values to a column?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Doctrine does not support to set the default values in columns through the "DEFAULT" keyword in SQL.
+This is not necessary however, you can just use your class properties as default values. These are then used
+upon insert:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    class User
+    {
+        const STATUS_DISABLED = 0;
+        const STATUS_ENABLED = 1;
+
+        private $algorithm = "sha1";
+        private $status = self:STATUS_DISABLED;
+    }
+
+.
+
+Mapping
+-------
+
+Why do I get exceptions about unique constraint failures during ``$em->flush()``?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Doctrine does not check if you are re-adding entities with a primary key that already exists
+or adding entities to a collection twice. You have to check for both conditions yourself
+in the code before calling ``$em->flush()`` if you know that unique constraint failures
+can occur.
+
+In `Symfony2 <https://www.symfony.com>`_ for example there is a Unique Entity Validator
+to achieve this task.
+
+For collections you can check with ``$collection->contains($entity)`` if an entity is already
+part of this collection. For a FETCH=LAZY collection this will initialize the collection,
+however for FETCH=EXTRA_LAZY this method will use SQL to determine if this entity is already
+part of the collection.
+
+Associations
+------------
+
+What is wrong when I get an InvalidArgumentException "A new entity was found through the relationship.."?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This exception is thrown during ``EntityManager#flush()`` when there exists an object in the identity map
+that contains a reference to an object that Doctrine does not know about. Say for example you grab
+a "User"-entity from the database with a specific id and set a completely new object into one of the associations
+of the User object. If you then call ``EntityManager#flush()`` without letting Doctrine know about
+this new object using ``EntityManager#persist($newObject)`` you will see this exception.
+
+You can solve this exception by:
+
+* Calling ``EntityManager#persist($newObject)`` on the new object
+* Using cascade=persist on the association that contains the new object
+
+How can I filter an association?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You should use DQL queries to query for the filtered set of entities.
+
+I call clear() on a One-To-Many collection but the entities are not deleted
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This is an expected behavior that has to do with the inverse/owning side handling of Doctrine.
+By definition a One-To-Many association is on the inverse side, that means changes to it
+will not be recognized by Doctrine.
+
+If you want to perform the equivalent of the clear operation you have to iterate the
+collection and set the owning side many-to-one reference to NULL as well to detach all entities
+from the collection. This will trigger the appropriate UPDATE statements on the database.
+
+How can I add columns to a many-to-many table?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The many-to-many association is only supporting foreign keys in the table definition
+To work with many-to-many tables containing extra columns you have to use the
+foreign keys as primary keys feature of Doctrine ORM.
+
+See :doc:`the tutorial on composite primary keys for more information<../tutorials/composite-primary-keys>`.
+
+
+How can i paginate fetch-joined collections?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If you are issuing a DQL statement that fetches a collection as well you cannot easily iterate
+over this collection using a LIMIT statement (or vendor equivalent).
+
+Doctrine does not offer a solution for this out of the box but there are several extensions
+that do:
+
+* `DoctrineExtensions <https://github.com/beberlei/DoctrineExtensions>`_
+* `Pagerfanta <https://github.com/whiteoctober/pagerfanta>`_
+
+Why does pagination not work correctly with fetch joins?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Pagination in Doctrine uses a LIMIT clause (or vendor equivalent) to restrict the results.
+However when fetch-joining this is not returning the correct number of results since joining
+with a one-to-many or many-to-many association multiplies the number of rows by the number
+of associated entities.
+
+See the previous question for a solution to this task.
+
+Inheritance
+-----------
+
+Can I use Inheritance with Doctrine ORM?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Yes, you can use Single- or Joined-Table Inheritance in ORM.
+
+See the documentation chapter on :doc:`inheritance mapping <inheritance-mapping>` for
+the details.
+
+Why does Doctrine not create proxy objects for my inheritance hierarchy?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If you set a many-to-one or one-to-one association target-entity to any parent class of
+an inheritance hierarchy Doctrine does not know what PHP class the foreign is actually of.
+To find this out it has to execute a SQL query to look this information up in the database.
+
+EntityGenerator
+---------------
+
+Why does the EntityGenerator not do X?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The EntityGenerator is not a full fledged code-generator that solves all tasks. Code-Generation
+is not a first-class priority in Doctrine 2 anymore (compared to Doctrine 1). The EntityGenerator
+is supposed to kick-start you, but not towards 100%.
+
+Why does the EntityGenerator not generate inheritance correctly?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Just from the details of the discriminator map the EntityGenerator cannot guess the inheritance hierarchy.
+This is why the generation of inherited entities does not fully work. You have to adjust some additional
+code to get this one working correctly.
+
+Performance
+-----------
+
+Why is an extra SQL query executed every time I fetch an entity with a one-to-one relation?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If Doctrine detects that you are fetching an inverse side one-to-one association
+it has to execute an additional query to load this object, because it cannot know
+if there is no such object (setting null) or if it should set a proxy and which id this proxy has.
+
+To solve this problem currently a query has to be executed to find out this information.
+
+Doctrine Query Language
+-----------------------
+
+What is DQL?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+DQL stands for Doctrine Query Language, a query language that very much looks like SQL
+but has some important benefits when using Doctrine:
+
+-  It uses class names and fields instead of tables and columns, separating concerns between backend and your object model.
+-  It utilizes the metadata defined to offer a range of shortcuts when writing. For example you do not have to specify the ON clause of joins, since Doctrine already knows about them.
+-  It adds some functionality that is related to object management and transforms them into SQL.
+
+It also has some drawbacks of course:
+
+-  The syntax is slightly different to SQL so you have to learn and remember the differences.
+-  To be vendor independent it can only implement a subset of all the existing SQL dialects. Vendor specific functionality and optimizations cannot be used through DQL unless implemented by you explicitly.
+-  For some DQL constructs subselects are used which are known to be slow in MySQL.
+
+Can I sort by a function (for example ORDER BY RAND()) in DQL?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+No, it is not supported to sort by function in DQL. If you need this functionality you should either
+use a native-query or come up with another solution. As a side note: Sorting with ORDER BY RAND() is painfully slow
+starting with 1000 rows.
+
+Is it better to write DQL or to generate it with the query builder?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The purpose of the ``QueryBuilder`` is to generate DQL dynamically,
+which is useful when you have optional filters, conditional joins, etc.
+
+But the ``QueryBuilder`` is not an alternative to DQL, it actually generates DQL
+queries at runtime, which are then interpreted by Doctrine. This means that
+using the ``QueryBuilder`` to build and run a query is actually always slower
+than only running the corresponding DQL query.
+
+So if you only need to generate a query and bind parameters to it,
+you should use plain DQL, as this is a simpler and much more readable solution.
+You should only use the ``QueryBuilder`` when you can't achieve what you want to do with a DQL query.
+
+A Query fails, how can I debug it?
+----------------------------------
+
+First, if you are using the QueryBuilder you can use
+``$queryBuilder->getDQL()`` to get the DQL string of this query. The
+corresponding SQL you can get from the Query instance by calling
+``$query->getSQL()``.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $dql = "SELECT u FROM User u";
+    $query = $entityManager->createQuery($dql);
+    var_dump($query->getSQL());
+
+    $qb = $entityManager->createQueryBuilder();
+    $qb->select('u')->from('User', 'u');
+    var_dump($qb->getDQL());

docs/en/reference/filters.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+Filters
+=======
+
+Doctrine ORM features a filter system that allows the developer to add SQL to
+the conditional clauses of queries, regardless the place where the SQL is
+generated (e.g. from a DQL query, or by loading associated entities).
+
+The filter functionality works on SQL level. Whether a SQL query is generated
+in a Persister, during lazy loading, in extra lazy collections or from DQL.
+Each time the system iterates over all the enabled filters, adding a new SQL
+part as a filter returns.
+
+By adding SQL to the conditional clauses of queries, the filter system filters
+out rows belonging to the entities at the level of the SQL result set. This
+means that the filtered entities are never hydrated (which can be expensive).
+
+
+Example filter class
+--------------------
+Throughout this document the example ``MyLocaleFilter`` class will be used to
+illustrate how the filter feature works. A filter class must extend the base
+``Doctrine\ORM\Query\Filter\SQLFilter`` class and implement the ``addFilterConstraint``
+method. The method receives the ``ClassMetadata`` of the filtered entity and the
+table alias of the SQL table of the entity.
+
+.. note::
+
+    In the case of joined or single table inheritance, you always get passed the ClassMetadata of the
+    inheritance root. This is necessary to avoid edge cases that would break the SQL when applying the filters.
+
+Parameters for the query should be set on the filter object by
+``SQLFilter#setParameter()``. Only parameters set via this function can be used
+in filters.  The ``SQLFilter#getParameter()`` function takes care of the
+proper quoting of parameters.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    namespace Example;
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\ClassMetadata,
+        Doctrine\ORM\Query\Filter\SQLFilter;
+
+    class MyLocaleFilter extends SQLFilter
+    {
+        public function addFilterConstraint(ClassMetadata $targetEntity, $targetTableAlias)
+        {
+            // Check if the entity implements the LocalAware interface
+            if (!$targetEntity->reflClass->implementsInterface('LocaleAware')) {
+                return "";
+            }
+
+            return $targetTableAlias.'.locale = ' . $this->getParameter('locale'); // getParameter applies quoting automatically
+        }
+    }
+
+If the parameter is an array and should be quoted as a list of values for an IN query
+this is possible with the alternative ``SQLFilter#setParameterList()`` and
+``SQLFilter#getParameterList()`` functions.
+
+Configuration
+-------------
+Filter classes are added to the configuration as following:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $config->addFilter("locale", "\Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Functional\MyLocaleFilter");
+
+
+The ``Configuration#addFilter()`` method takes a name for the filter and the name of the
+class responsible for the actual filtering.
+
+
+Disabling/Enabling Filters and Setting Parameters
+---------------------------------------------------
+Filters can be disabled and enabled via the ``FilterCollection`` which is
+stored in the ``EntityManager``. The ``FilterCollection#enable($name)`` method
+will retrieve the filter object. You can set the filter parameters on that
+object.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $filter = $em->getFilters()->enable("locale");
+    $filter->setParameter('locale', 'en');
+
+    // Disable it
+    $filter = $em->getFilters()->disable("locale");
+
+.. warning::
+    Disabling and enabling filters has no effect on managed entities. If you
+    want to refresh or reload an object after having modified a filter or the
+    FilterCollection, then you should clear the EntityManager and re-fetch your
+    entities, having the new rules for filtering applied.

docs/en/reference/improving-performance.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+Improving Performance
+=====================
+
+Bytecode Cache
+--------------
+
+It is highly recommended to make use of a bytecode cache like OPcache.
+A bytecode cache removes the need for parsing PHP code on every
+request and can greatly improve performance.
+
+    "If you care about performance and don't use a bytecode
+    cache then you don't really care about performance. Please get one
+    and start using it."
+    
+    *Stas Malyshev, Core Contributor to PHP and Zend Employee*
+
+
+Metadata and Query caches
+-------------------------
+
+As already mentioned earlier in the chapter about configuring
+Doctrine, it is strongly discouraged to use Doctrine without a
+Metadata and Query cache.
+
+Operating Doctrine without these caches means
+Doctrine will need to load your mapping information on every single
+request and has to parse each DQL query on every single request.
+This is a waste of resources.
+
+The preferred cache driver for metadata and query caches is ``PhpFileCache``. 
+This driver serializes cache items and writes them to a file. 
+This allows for opcode caching to be used and provides high performance in most scenarios.
+
+See :ref:`integrating-with-the-orm`
+
+Alternative Query Result Formats
+--------------------------------
+
+Make effective use of the available alternative query result
+formats like nested array graphs or pure scalar results, especially
+in scenarios where data is loaded for read-only purposes.
+
+Read-Only Entities
+------------------
+
+You can mark entities as read only (See metadata mapping
+references for details).
+
+This means that the entity marked as read only is never considered for updates.
+During flush on the EntityManager these entities are skipped even if properties
+changed.
+
+Read-Only allows to persist new entities of a kind and remove existing ones,
+they are just not considered for updates.
+
+See :ref:`annref_entity`
+
+You can also explicitly mark individual entities read only directly on the
+UnitOfWork via a call to ``markReadOnly()``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+   $user = $entityManager->find(User::class, $id);
+   $entityManager->getUnitOfWork()->markReadOnly($user);
+
+Or you can set all objects that are the result of a query hydration to be
+marked as read only with the following query hint:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+   $query = $entityManager->createQuery('SELECT u FROM App\\Entity\\User u');
+   $query->setHint(Query::HINT_READ_ONLY, true);
+
+   $users = $query->getResult();
+
+Extra-Lazy Collections
+----------------------
+
+If entities hold references to large collections you will get performance and memory problems initializing them.
+To solve this issue you can use the EXTRA_LAZY fetch-mode feature for collections. See the :doc:`tutorial <../tutorials/extra-lazy-associations>`
+for more information on how this fetch mode works.
+
+Temporarily change fetch mode in DQL
+------------------------------------
+
+See :ref:`dql-temporarily-change-fetch-mode`
+
+
+Apply Best Practices
+--------------------
+
+A lot of the points mentioned in the Best Practices chapter will
+also positively affect the performance of Doctrine.
+
+See :doc:`Best Practices <reference/best-practices>`
+
+Change Tracking policies
+------------------------
+
+See: :doc:`Change Tracking Policies <change-tracking-policies>`

docs/en/reference/inheritance-mapping.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,631 @@
+Inheritance Mapping
+===================
+
+Mapped Superclasses
+-------------------
+
+A mapped superclass is an abstract or concrete class that provides
+persistent entity state and mapping information for its subclasses,
+but which is not itself an entity. Typically, the purpose of such a
+mapped superclass is to define state and mapping information that
+is common to multiple entity classes.
+
+Mapped superclasses, just as regular, non-mapped classes, can
+appear in the middle of an otherwise mapped inheritance hierarchy
+(through Single Table Inheritance or Class Table Inheritance).
+
+.. note::
+
+    A mapped superclass cannot be an entity, it is not query-able and
+    persistent relationships defined by a mapped superclass must be
+    unidirectional (with an owning side only). This means that One-To-Many
+    associations are not possible on a mapped superclass at all.
+    Furthermore Many-To-Many associations are only possible if the
+    mapped superclass is only used in exactly one entity at the moment.
+    For further support of inheritance, the single or
+    joined table inheritance features have to be used.
+
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Column;
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\JoinColumn;
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\OneToOne;
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Id;
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\MappedSuperclass;
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Entity;
+
+    /** @MappedSuperclass */
+    class Person
+    {
+        /** @Column(type="integer") */
+        protected $mapped1;
+        /** @Column(type="string") */
+        protected $mapped2;
+        /**
+         * @OneToOne(targetEntity="Toothbrush")
+         * @JoinColumn(name="toothbrush_id", referencedColumnName="id")
+         */
+        protected $toothbrush;
+
+        // ... more fields and methods
+    }
+    
+    /** @Entity */
+    class Employee extends Person
+    {
+        /** @Id @Column(type="integer") */
+        private $id;
+        /** @Column(type="string") */
+        private $name;
+    
+        // ... more fields and methods
+    }
+
+    /** @Entity */
+    class Toothbrush
+    {
+        /** @Id @Column(type="integer") */
+        private $id;
+
+        // ... more fields and methods
+    }
+
+The DDL for the corresponding database schema would look something
+like this (this is for SQLite):
+
+.. code-block:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE EntitySubClass (mapped1 INTEGER NOT NULL, mapped2 TEXT NOT NULL, id INTEGER NOT NULL, name TEXT NOT NULL, related1_id INTEGER DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(id))
+
+As you can see from this DDL snippet, there is only a single table
+for the entity subclass. All the mappings from the mapped
+superclass were inherited to the subclass as if they had been
+defined on that class directly.
+
+Single Table Inheritance
+------------------------
+
+`Single Table Inheritance <https://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html>`_
+is an inheritance mapping strategy where all classes of a hierarchy
+are mapped to a single database table. In order to distinguish
+which row represents which type in the hierarchy a so-called
+discriminator column is used.
+
+Example:
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+    
+        <?php
+        namespace MyProject\Model;
+        
+        /**
+         * @Entity
+         * @InheritanceType("SINGLE_TABLE")
+         * @DiscriminatorColumn(name="discr", type="string")
+         * @DiscriminatorMap({"person" = "Person", "employee" = "Employee"})
+         */
+        class Person
+        {
+            // ...
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * @Entity
+         */
+        class Employee extends Person
+        {
+            // ...
+        }
+
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+    
+        MyProject\Model\Person:
+          type: entity
+          inheritanceType: SINGLE_TABLE
+          discriminatorColumn:
+            name: discr
+            type: string
+          discriminatorMap:
+            person: Person
+            employee: Employee
+                
+        MyProject\Model\Employee:
+          type: entity
+            
+Things to note:
+
+
+-  The @InheritanceType and @DiscriminatorColumn must be specified 
+   on the topmost class that is part of the mapped entity hierarchy.
+-  The @DiscriminatorMap specifies which values of the
+   discriminator column identify a row as being of a certain type. In
+   the case above a value of "person" identifies a row as being of
+   type ``Person`` and "employee" identifies a row as being of type
+   ``Employee``.
+-  All entity classes that is part of the mapped entity hierarchy
+   (including the topmost class) should be specified in the
+   @DiscriminatorMap. In the case above Person class included.
+-  The names of the classes in the discriminator map do not need to
+   be fully qualified if the classes are contained in the same
+   namespace as the entity class on which the discriminator map is
+   applied.
+-  If no discriminator map is provided, then the map is generated
+   automatically. The automatically generated discriminator map 
+   contains the lowercase short name of each class as key.
+
+Design-time considerations
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This mapping approach works well when the type hierarchy is fairly
+simple and stable. Adding a new type to the hierarchy and adding
+fields to existing supertypes simply involves adding new columns to
+the table, though in large deployments this may have an adverse
+impact on the index and column layout inside the database.
+
+Performance impact
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This strategy is very efficient for querying across all types in
+the hierarchy or for specific types. No table joins are required,
+only a WHERE clause listing the type identifiers. In particular,
+relationships involving types that employ this mapping strategy are
+very performing.
+
+There is a general performance consideration with Single Table
+Inheritance: If the target-entity of a many-to-one or one-to-one 
+association is an STI entity, it is preferable for performance reasons that it 
+be a leaf entity in the inheritance hierarchy, (ie. have no subclasses). 
+Otherwise Doctrine *CANNOT* create proxy instances
+of this entity and will *ALWAYS* load the entity eagerly.
+
+SQL Schema considerations
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+For Single-Table-Inheritance to work in scenarios where you are
+using either a legacy database schema or a self-written database
+schema you have to make sure that all columns that are not in the
+root entity but in any of the different sub-entities has to allow
+null values. Columns that have NOT NULL constraints have to be on
+the root entity of the single-table inheritance hierarchy.
+
+Class Table Inheritance
+-----------------------
+
+`Class Table Inheritance <https://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/classTableInheritance.html>`_
+is an inheritance mapping strategy where each class in a hierarchy
+is mapped to several tables: its own table and the tables of all
+parent classes. The table of a child class is linked to the table
+of a parent class through a foreign key constraint. Doctrine ORM
+implements this strategy through the use of a discriminator column
+in the topmost table of the hierarchy because this is the easiest
+way to achieve polymorphic queries with Class Table Inheritance.
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    namespace MyProject\Model;
+    
+    /**
+     * @Entity
+     * @InheritanceType("JOINED")
+     * @DiscriminatorColumn(name="discr", type="string")
+     * @DiscriminatorMap({"person" = "Person", "employee" = "Employee"})
+     */
+    class Person
+    {
+        // ...
+    }
+    
+    /** @Entity */
+    class Employee extends Person
+    {
+        // ...
+    }
+
+Things to note:
+
+
+-  The @InheritanceType, @DiscriminatorColumn and @DiscriminatorMap
+   must be specified on the topmost class that is part of the mapped
+   entity hierarchy.
+-  The @DiscriminatorMap specifies which values of the
+   discriminator column identify a row as being of which type. In the
+   case above a value of "person" identifies a row as being of type
+   ``Person`` and "employee" identifies a row as being of type
+   ``Employee``.
+-  The names of the classes in the discriminator map do not need to
+   be fully qualified if the classes are contained in the same
+   namespace as the entity class on which the discriminator map is
+   applied.
+-  If no discriminator map is provided, then the map is generated
+   automatically. The automatically generated discriminator map 
+   contains the lowercase short name of each class as key.
+
+.. note::
+
+    When you do not use the SchemaTool to generate the
+    required SQL you should know that deleting a class table
+    inheritance makes use of the foreign key property
+    ``ON DELETE CASCADE`` in all database implementations. A failure to
+    implement this yourself will lead to dead rows in the database.
+
+
+Design-time considerations
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Introducing a new type to the hierarchy, at any level, simply
+involves interjecting a new table into the schema. Subtypes of that
+type will automatically join with that new type at runtime.
+Similarly, modifying any entity type in the hierarchy by adding,
+modifying or removing fields affects only the immediate table
+mapped to that type. This mapping strategy provides the greatest
+flexibility at design time, since changes to any type are always
+limited to that type's dedicated table.
+
+Performance impact
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This strategy inherently requires multiple JOIN operations to
+perform just about any query which can have a negative impact on
+performance, especially with large tables and/or large hierarchies.
+When partial objects are allowed, either globally or on the
+specific query, then querying for any type will not cause the
+tables of subtypes to be OUTER JOINed which can increase
+performance but the resulting partial objects will not fully load
+themselves on access of any subtype fields, so accessing fields of
+subtypes after such a query is not safe.
+
+There is a general performance consideration with Class Table
+Inheritance: If the target-entity of a many-to-one or one-to-one 
+association is a CTI entity, it is preferable for performance reasons that it 
+be a leaf entity in the inheritance hierarchy, (ie. have no subclasses). 
+Otherwise Doctrine *CANNOT* create proxy instances
+of this entity and will *ALWAYS* load the entity eagerly.
+
+There is also another important performance consideration that it is *NOT POSSIBLE* 
+to query for the base entity without any LEFT JOINs to the sub-types.
+
+SQL Schema considerations
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+For each entity in the Class-Table Inheritance hierarchy all the
+mapped fields have to be columns on the table of this entity.
+Additionally each child table has to have an id column that matches
+the id column definition on the root table (except for any sequence
+or auto-increment details). Furthermore each child table has to
+have a foreign key pointing from the id column to the root table id
+column and cascading on delete.
+
+.. _inheritence_mapping_overrides:
+
+Overrides
+---------
+
+Used to override a mapping for an entity field or relationship.  Can only be
+applied to an entity that extends a mapped superclass or uses a trait to
+override a relationship or field mapping defined by the mapped superclass or
+trait.
+
+It is not possible to override attributes or associations in entity to entity
+inheritance scenarios, because this can cause unforseen edge case behavior and
+increases complexity in ORM internal classes.
+
+
+Association Override
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Override a mapping for an entity relationship.
+
+Could be used by an entity that extends a mapped superclass
+to override a relationship mapping defined by the mapped superclass.
+
+Example:
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        // user mapping
+        namespace MyProject\Model;
+        /**
+         * @MappedSuperclass
+         */
+        class User
+        {
+            // other fields mapping
+
+            /**
+             * @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Group", inversedBy="users")
+             * @JoinTable(name="users_groups",
+             *  joinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="user_id", referencedColumnName="id")},
+             *  inverseJoinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="group_id", referencedColumnName="id")}
+             * )
+             */
+            protected $groups;
+
+            /**
+             * @ManyToOne(targetEntity="Address")
+             * @JoinColumn(name="address_id", referencedColumnName="id")
+             */
+            protected $address;
+        }
+
+        // admin mapping
+        namespace MyProject\Model;
+        /**
+         * @Entity
+         * @AssociationOverrides({
+         *      @AssociationOverride(name="groups",
+         *          joinTable=@JoinTable(
+         *              name="users_admingroups",
+         *              joinColumns=@JoinColumn(name="adminuser_id"),
+         *              inverseJoinColumns=@JoinColumn(name="admingroup_id")
+         *          )
+         *      ),
+         *      @AssociationOverride(name="address",
+         *          joinColumns=@JoinColumn(
+         *              name="adminaddress_id", referencedColumnName="id"
+         *          )
+         *      )
+         * })
+         */
+        class Admin extends User
+        {
+        }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <!-- user mapping -->
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+          <mapped-superclass name="MyProject\Model\User">
+                <!-- other fields mapping -->
+                <many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group" inversed-by="users">
+                    <cascade>
+                        <cascade-persist/>
+                        <cascade-merge/>
+                        <cascade-detach/>
+                    </cascade>
+                    <join-table name="users_groups">
+                        <join-columns>
+                            <join-column name="user_id" referenced-column-name="id" />
+                        </join-columns>
+                        <inverse-join-columns>
+                            <join-column name="group_id" referenced-column-name="id" />
+                        </inverse-join-columns>
+                    </join-table>
+                </many-to-many>
+            </mapped-superclass>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+
+        <!-- admin mapping -->
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+            <entity name="MyProject\Model\Admin">
+                <association-overrides>
+                    <association-override name="groups">
+                        <join-table name="users_admingroups">
+                            <join-columns>
+                                <join-column name="adminuser_id"/>
+                            </join-columns>
+                            <inverse-join-columns>
+                                <join-column name="admingroup_id"/>
+                            </inverse-join-columns>
+                        </join-table>
+                    </association-override>
+                    <association-override name="address">
+                        <join-columns>
+                            <join-column name="adminaddress_id" referenced-column-name="id"/>
+                        </join-columns>
+                    </association-override>
+                </association-overrides>
+            </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        # user mapping
+        MyProject\Model\User:
+          type: mappedSuperclass
+          # other fields mapping
+          manyToOne:
+            address:
+              targetEntity: Address
+              joinColumn:
+                name: address_id
+                referencedColumnName: id
+              cascade: [ persist, merge ]
+          manyToMany:
+            groups:
+              targetEntity: Group
+              joinTable:
+                name: users_groups
+                joinColumns:
+                  user_id:
+                    referencedColumnName: id
+                inverseJoinColumns:
+                  group_id:
+                    referencedColumnName: id
+              cascade: [ persist, merge, detach ]
+
+        # admin mapping
+        MyProject\Model\Admin:
+          type: entity
+          associationOverride:
+            address:
+              joinColumn:
+                adminaddress_id:
+                  name: adminaddress_id
+                  referencedColumnName: id
+            groups:
+              joinTable:
+                name: users_admingroups
+                joinColumns:
+                  adminuser_id:
+                    referencedColumnName: id
+                inverseJoinColumns:
+                  admingroup_id:
+                    referencedColumnName: id
+
+
+Things to note:
+
+-  The "association override" specifies the overrides base on the property name.
+-  This feature is available for all kind of associations. (OneToOne, OneToMany, ManyToOne, ManyToMany)
+-  The association type *CANNOT* be changed.
+-  The override could redefine the joinTables or joinColumns depending on the association type.
+-  The override could redefine ``inversedBy`` to reference more than one extended entity.
+-  The override could redefine fetch to modify the fetch strategy of the extended entity.
+
+Attribute Override
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Override the mapping of a field.
+
+Could be used by an entity that extends a mapped superclass to override a field mapping defined by the mapped superclass.
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        // user mapping
+        namespace MyProject\Model;
+        /**
+         * @MappedSuperclass
+         */
+        class User
+        {
+            /** @Id @GeneratedValue @Column(type="integer", name="user_id", length=150) */
+            protected $id;
+
+            /** @Column(name="user_name", nullable=true, unique=false, length=250) */
+            protected $name;
+
+            // other fields mapping
+        }
+
+        // guest mapping
+        namespace MyProject\Model;
+        /**
+         * @Entity
+         * @AttributeOverrides({
+         *      @AttributeOverride(name="id",
+         *          column=@Column(
+         *              name     = "guest_id",
+         *              type     = "integer",
+         *              length   = 140
+         *          )
+         *      ),
+         *      @AttributeOverride(name="name",
+         *          column=@Column(
+         *              name     = "guest_name",
+         *              nullable = false,
+         *              unique   = true,
+         *              length   = 240
+         *          )
+         *      )
+         * })
+         */
+        class Guest extends User
+        {
+        }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <!-- user mapping -->
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+          <mapped-superclass name="MyProject\Model\User">
+                <id name="id" type="integer" column="user_id" length="150">
+                    <generator strategy="AUTO"/>
+                </id>
+                <field name="name" column="user_name" type="string" length="250" nullable="true" unique="false" />
+                <many-to-one field="address" target-entity="Address">
+                    <cascade>
+                        <cascade-persist/>
+                        <cascade-merge/>
+                    </cascade>
+                    <join-column name="address_id" referenced-column-name="id"/>
+                </many-to-one>
+                <!-- other fields mapping -->
+            </mapped-superclass>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+
+        <!-- admin mapping -->
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+            <entity name="MyProject\Model\Guest">
+                <attribute-overrides>
+                    <attribute-override name="id">
+                        <field column="guest_id" length="140"/>
+                    </attribute-override>
+                    <attribute-override name="name">
+                        <field column="guest_name" type="string" length="240" nullable="false" unique="true" />
+                    </attribute-override>
+                </attribute-overrides>
+            </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        # user mapping
+        MyProject\Model\User:
+          type: mappedSuperclass
+          id:
+            id:
+              type: integer
+              column: user_id
+              length: 150
+              generator:
+                strategy: AUTO
+          fields:
+            name:
+              type: string
+              column: user_name
+              length: 250
+              nullable: true
+              unique: false
+          #other fields mapping
+
+
+        # guest mapping
+        MyProject\Model\Guest:
+          type: entity
+          attributeOverride:
+            id:
+              column: guest_id
+              type: integer
+              length: 140
+            name:
+              column: guest_name
+              type: string
+              length: 240
+              nullable: false
+              unique: true
+
+Things to note:
+
+-  The "attribute override" specifies the overrides base on the property name.
+-  The column type *CANNOT* be changed. If the column type is not equal you get a ``MappingException``
+-  The override can redefine all the attributes except the type.
+
+Query the Type
+--------------
+
+It may happen that the entities of a special type should be queried. Because there
+is no direct access to the discriminator column, Doctrine provides the
+``INSTANCE OF`` construct.
+
+The following example shows how to use ``INSTANCE OF``. There is a three level hierarchy
+with a base entity ``NaturalPerson`` which is extended by ``Staff`` which in turn
+is extended by ``Technician``.
+
+Querying for the staffs without getting any technicians can be achieved by this DQL:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $query = $em->createQuery("SELECT staff FROM MyProject\Model\Staff staff WHERE staff NOT INSTANCE OF MyProject\Model\Technician");
+    $staffs = $query->getResult();

docs/en/reference/installation.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Installation
+============
+
+The installation chapter has moved to :doc:`Installation and Configuration <reference/configuration>`_.

docs/en/reference/limitations-and-known-issues.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+Limitations and Known Issues
+============================
+
+We try to make using Doctrine2 a very pleasant experience.
+Therefore we think it is very important to be honest about the
+current limitations to our users. Much like every other piece of
+software Doctrine2 is not perfect and far from feature complete.
+This section should give you an overview of current limitations of
+Doctrine ORM as well as critical known issues that you should know
+about.
+
+Current Limitations
+-------------------
+
+There is a set of limitations that exist currently which might be
+solved in the future. Any of this limitations now stated has at
+least one ticket in the Tracker and is discussed for future
+releases.
+
+Join-Columns with non-primary keys
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+It is not possible to use join columns pointing to non-primary keys. Doctrine will think these are the primary
+keys and create lazy-loading proxies with the data, which can lead to unexpected results. Doctrine can for performance
+reasons not validate the correctness of this settings at runtime but only through the Validate Schema command.
+
+Mapping Arrays to a Join Table
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Related to the previous limitation with "Foreign Keys as
+Identifier" you might be interested in mapping the same table
+structure as given above to an array. However this is not yet
+possible either. See the following example:
+
+.. code-block:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE product (
+        id INTEGER,
+        name VARCHAR,
+        PRIMARY KEY(id)
+    );
+    
+    CREATE TABLE product_attributes (
+        product_id INTEGER,
+        attribute_name VARCHAR,
+        attribute_value VARCHAR,
+        PRIMARY KEY (product_id, attribute_name)
+    );
+
+This schema should be mapped to a Product Entity as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    class Product
+    {
+        private $id;
+        private $name;
+        private $attributes = array();
+    }
+
+Where the ``attribute_name`` column contains the key and
+``attribute_value`` contains the value of each array element in
+``$attributes``.
+
+The feature request for persistence of primitive value arrays
+`is described in the DDC-298 ticket <https://github.com/doctrine/orm/issues/3743>`_.
+
+Cascade Merge with Bi-directional Associations
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+There are two bugs now that concern the use of cascade merge in combination with bi-directional associations.
+Make sure to study the behavior of cascade merge if you are using it:
+
+-  `DDC-875 <https://github.com/doctrine/orm/issues/5398>`_ Merge can sometimes add the same entity twice into a collection
+-  `DDC-763 <https://github.com/doctrine/orm/issues/5277>`_ Cascade merge on associated entities can insert too many rows through "Persistence by Reachability"
+
+Custom Persisters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A Persister in Doctrine is an object that is responsible for the
+hydration and write operations of an entity against the database.
+Currently there is no way to overwrite the persister implementation
+for a given entity, however there are several use-cases that can
+benefit from custom persister implementations:
+
+-  `Add Upsert Support <https://github.com/doctrine/orm/issues/5178>`_
+-  `Evaluate possible ways in which stored-procedures can be used <https://github.com/doctrine/orm/issues/4946>`_
+
+Persist Keys of Collections
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+PHP Arrays are ordered hash-maps and so should be the
+``Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection`` interface. We plan to
+evaluate a feature that optionally persists and hydrates the keys
+of a Collection instance.
+
+`Ticket DDC-213 <https://github.com/doctrine/orm/issues/2817>`_
+
+Mapping many tables to one entity
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+It is not possible to map several equally looking tables onto one
+entity. For example if you have a production and an archive table
+of a certain business concept then you cannot have both tables map
+to the same entity.
+
+Behaviors
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+Doctrine ORM will **never** include a behavior system like Doctrine 1
+in the core library. We don't think behaviors add more value than
+they cost pain and debugging hell. Please see the many different
+blog posts we have written on this topics:
+
+-  `Doctrine2 "Behaviors" in a Nutshell <https://www.doctrine-project.org/2010/02/17/doctrine2-behaviours-nutshell.html>`_
+-  `A re-usable Versionable behavior for Doctrine2 <https://www.doctrine-project.org/2010/02/24/doctrine2-versionable.html>`_
+-  `Write your own ORM on top of Doctrine2 <https://www.doctrine-project.org/2010/07/19/your-own-orm-doctrine2.html>`_
+-  `Doctrine ORM Behavioral Extensions <https://www.doctrine-project.org/2010/11/18/doctrine2-behavioral-extensions.html>`_
+
+Doctrine ORM has enough hooks and extension points so that **you** can
+add whatever you want on top of it. None of this will ever become
+core functionality of Doctrine2 however, you will have to rely on
+third party extensions for magical behaviors.
+
+Nested Set
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+NestedSet was offered as a behavior in Doctrine 1 and will not be
+included in the core of Doctrine ORM. However there are already two
+extensions out there that offer support for Nested Set with
+ORM:
+
+
+-  `Doctrine2 Hierarchical-Structural Behavior <https://github.com/guilhermeblanco/Doctrine2-Hierarchical-Structural-Behavior>`_
+-  `Doctrine2 NestedSet <https://github.com/blt04/doctrine2-nestedset>`_
+
+Known Issues
+------------
+
+The Known Issues section describes critical/blocker bugs and other
+issues that are either complicated to fix, not fixable due to
+backwards compatibility issues or where no simple fix exists (yet).
+We don't plan to add every bug in the tracker there, just those
+issues that can potentially cause nightmares or pain of any sort.
+
+See bugs, improvement and feature requests on `Github issues <https://github.com/doctrine/orm/issues>`_.
+
+Identifier Quoting and Legacy Databases
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+For compatibility reasons between all the supported vendors and
+edge case problems Doctrine ORM does **NOT** do automatic identifier
+quoting. This can lead to problems when trying to get
+legacy-databases to work with Doctrine ORM.
+
+
+-  You can quote column-names as described in the
+   :doc:`Basic-Mapping <basic-mapping>` section.
+-  You cannot quote join column names.
+-  You cannot use non [a-zA-Z0-9\_]+ characters, they will break
+   several SQL statements.
+
+Having problems with these kind of column names? Many databases
+support all CRUD operations on views that semantically map to
+certain tables. You can create views for all your problematic
+tables and column names to avoid the legacy quoting nightmare.
+
+Microsoft SQL Server and Doctrine "datetime"
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Doctrine assumes that you use ``DateTime2`` data-types. If your legacy database contains DateTime
+datatypes then you have to add your own data-type (see Basic Mapping for an example).
+
+MySQL with MyISAM tables
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Doctrine cannot provide atomic operations when calling ``EntityManager#flush()`` if one
+of the tables involved uses the storage engine MyISAM. You must use InnoDB or
+other storage engines that support transactions if you need integrity.
+
+Entities, Proxies and Reflection
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Using methods for Reflection on entities can be prone to error, when the entity
+is actually a proxy the following methods will not work correctly:
+
+- ``new ReflectionClass``
+- ``new ReflectionObject``
+- ``get_class()``
+- ``get_parent_class()``
+
+This is why ``Doctrine\Common\Util\ClassUtils`` class exists that has similar
+methods, which resolve the proxy problem beforehand.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\Common\Util\ClassUtils;
+
+    $bookProxy = $entityManager->getReference('Acme\Book');
+
+    $reflection = ClassUtils::newReflectionClass($bookProxy);
+    $class = ClassUtils::getClass($bookProxy)¸

docs/en/reference/metadata-drivers.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+Metadata Drivers
+================
+
+The heart of an object relational mapper is the mapping information
+that glues everything together. It instructs the EntityManager how
+it should behave when dealing with the different entities.
+
+Core Metadata Drivers
+---------------------
+
+Doctrine provides a few different ways for you to specify your
+metadata:
+
+
+-  **XML files** (XmlDriver)
+-  **Class DocBlock Annotations** (AnnotationDriver)
+-  **Attributes** (AttributeDriver)
+-  **YAML files** (YamlDriver)
+-  **PHP Code in files or static functions** (PhpDriver)
+
+Something important to note about the above drivers is they are all
+an intermediate step to the same end result. The mapping
+information is populated to ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\ClassMetadata``
+instances. So in the end, Doctrine only ever has to work with the
+API of the ``ClassMetadata`` class to get mapping information for
+an entity.
+
+.. note::
+
+    The populated ``ClassMetadata`` instances are also cached
+    so in a production environment the parsing and populating only ever
+    happens once. You can configure the metadata cache implementation
+    using the ``setMetadataCacheImpl()`` method on the
+    ``Doctrine\ORM\Configuration`` class:
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        $em->getConfiguration()->setMetadataCacheImpl(new ApcuCache());
+
+
+If you want to use one of the included core metadata drivers you
+just need to configure it. All the drivers are in the
+``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver`` namespace:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $driver = new \Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\XmlDriver('/path/to/mapping/files');
+    $em->getConfiguration()->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
+
+Implementing Metadata Drivers
+-----------------------------
+
+In addition to the included metadata drivers you can very easily
+implement your own. All you need to do is define a class which
+implements the ``Driver`` interface:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    namespace Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver;
+    
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\ClassMetadataInfo;
+    
+    interface Driver
+    {
+        /**
+         * Loads the metadata for the specified class into the provided container.
+         * 
+         * @param string $className
+         * @param ClassMetadataInfo $metadata
+         */
+        function loadMetadataForClass($className, ClassMetadataInfo $metadata);
+    
+        /**
+         * Gets the names of all mapped classes known to this driver.
+         * 
+         * @return array The names of all mapped classes known to this driver.
+         */
+        function getAllClassNames(); 
+    
+        /**
+         * Whether the class with the specified name should have its metadata loaded.
+         * This is only the case if it is either mapped as an Entity or a
+         * MappedSuperclass.
+         *
+         * @param string $className
+         * @return boolean
+         */
+        function isTransient($className);
+    }
+
+If you want to write a metadata driver to parse information from
+some file format we've made your life a little easier by providing
+the ``AbstractFileDriver`` implementation for you to extend from:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class MyMetadataDriver extends AbstractFileDriver
+    {
+        /**
+         * {@inheritdoc}
+         */
+        protected $_fileExtension = '.dcm.ext';
+    
+        /**
+         * {@inheritdoc}
+         */
+        public function loadMetadataForClass($className, ClassMetadataInfo $metadata)
+        {
+            $data = $this->_loadMappingFile($file);
+    
+            // populate ClassMetadataInfo instance from $data
+        }
+    
+        /**
+         * {@inheritdoc}
+         */
+        protected function _loadMappingFile($file)
+        {
+            // parse contents of $file and return php data structure
+        }
+    }
+
+.. note::
+
+    When using the ``AbstractFileDriver`` it requires that you
+    only have one entity defined per file and the file named after the
+    class described inside where namespace separators are replaced by
+    periods. So if you have an entity named ``Entities\User`` and you
+    wanted to write a mapping file for your driver above you would need
+    to name the file ``Entities.User.dcm.ext`` for it to be
+    recognized.
+
+
+Now you can use your ``MyMetadataDriver`` implementation by setting
+it with the ``setMetadataDriverImpl()`` method:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $driver = new MyMetadataDriver('/path/to/mapping/files');
+    $em->getConfiguration()->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
+
+ClassMetadata
+-------------
+
+The last piece you need to know and understand about metadata in
+Doctrine ORM is the API of the ``ClassMetadata`` classes. You need to
+be familiar with them in order to implement your own drivers but
+more importantly to retrieve mapping information for a certain
+entity when needed.
+
+You have all the methods you need to manually specify the mapping
+information instead of using some mapping file to populate it from.
+The base ``ClassMetadataInfo`` class is responsible for only data
+storage and is not meant for runtime use. It does not require that
+the class actually exists yet so it is useful for describing some
+entity before it exists and using that information to generate for
+example the entities themselves. The class ``ClassMetadata``
+extends ``ClassMetadataInfo`` and adds some functionality required
+for runtime usage and requires that the PHP class is present and
+can be autoloaded.
+
+You can read more about the API of the ``ClassMetadata`` classes in
+the PHP Mapping chapter.
+
+Getting ClassMetadata Instances
+-------------------------------
+
+If you want to get the ``ClassMetadata`` instance for an entity in
+your project to programmatically use some mapping information to
+generate some HTML or something similar you can retrieve it through
+the ``ClassMetadataFactory``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $cmf = $em->getMetadataFactory();
+    $class = $cmf->getMetadataFor('MyEntityName');
+
+Now you can learn about the entity and use the data stored in the
+``ClassMetadata`` instance to get all mapped fields for example and
+iterate over them:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    foreach ($class->fieldMappings as $fieldMapping) {
+        echo $fieldMapping['fieldName'] . "\n";
+    }
+
+

docs/en/reference/namingstrategy.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+Implementing a NamingStrategy
+==============================
+
+Using a naming strategy you can provide rules for generating database identifiers,
+column or table names. This feature helps
+reduce the verbosity of the mapping document, eliminating repetitive noise (eg: ``TABLE_``).
+
+.. warning
+
+    The naming strategy is always overridden by entity mapping such as the `Table` annotation.
+
+Configuring a naming strategy
+-----------------------------
+The default strategy used by Doctrine is quite minimal.
+
+By default the ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\DefaultNamingStrategy``
+uses the simple class name and the attribute names to generate tables and columns.
+
+You can specify a different strategy by calling ``Doctrine\ORM\Configuration#setNamingStrategy()``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $namingStrategy = new MyNamingStrategy();
+    $configuration->setNamingStrategy($namingStrategy);
+
+Underscore naming strategy
+---------------------------
+
+``\Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\UnderscoreNamingStrategy`` is a built-in strategy.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $namingStrategy = new \Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\UnderscoreNamingStrategy(CASE_UPPER);
+    $configuration->setNamingStrategy($namingStrategy);
+
+For SomeEntityName the strategy will generate the table SOME_ENTITY_NAME with the
+``CASE_UPPER`` option, or some_entity_name with the ``CASE_LOWER`` option.
+
+Naming strategy interface
+-------------------------
+The interface ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\NamingStrategy`` allows you to specify
+a naming strategy for database tables and columns.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * Return a table name for an entity class
+     *
+     * @param string $className The fully-qualified class name
+     * @return string A table name
+     */
+    function classToTableName($className);
+
+    /**
+     * Return a column name for a property
+     *
+     * @param string $propertyName A property
+     * @return string A column name
+     */
+    function propertyToColumnName($propertyName);
+
+    /**
+     * Return the default reference column name
+     *
+     * @return string A column name
+     */
+    function referenceColumnName();
+
+    /**
+     * Return a join column name for a property
+     *
+     * @param string $propertyName A property
+     * @return string A join column name
+     */
+    function joinColumnName($propertyName, $className = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Return a join table name
+     *
+     * @param string $sourceEntity The source entity
+     * @param string $targetEntity The target entity
+     * @param string $propertyName A property
+     * @return string A join table name
+     */
+    function joinTableName($sourceEntity, $targetEntity, $propertyName = null);
+
+    /**
+     * Return the foreign key column name for the given parameters
+     *
+     * @param string $entityName A entity
+     * @param string $referencedColumnName A property
+     * @return string A join column name
+     */
+    function joinKeyColumnName($entityName, $referencedColumnName = null);
+
+Implementing a naming strategy
+-------------------------------
+If you have database naming standards, like all table names should be prefixed
+by the application prefix, all column names should be lower case, you can easily
+achieve such standards by implementing a naming strategy.
+
+You need to create a class which implements ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\NamingStrategy``.
+
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class MyAppNamingStrategy implements NamingStrategy
+    {
+        public function classToTableName($className)
+        {
+            return 'MyApp_' . substr($className, strrpos($className, '\\') + 1);
+        }
+        public function propertyToColumnName($propertyName)
+        {
+            return $propertyName;
+        }
+        public function referenceColumnName()
+        {
+            return 'id';
+        }
+        public function joinColumnName($propertyName, $className = null)
+        {
+            return $propertyName . '_' . $this->referenceColumnName();
+        }
+        public function joinTableName($sourceEntity, $targetEntity, $propertyName = null)
+        {
+            return strtolower($this->classToTableName($sourceEntity) . '_' .
+                    $this->classToTableName($targetEntity));
+        }
+        public function joinKeyColumnName($entityName, $referencedColumnName = null)
+        {
+            return strtolower($this->classToTableName($entityName) . '_' .
+                    ($referencedColumnName ?: $this->referenceColumnName()));
+        }
+    }

docs/en/reference/native-sql.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,907 @@
+Native SQL
+==========
+
+With ``NativeQuery`` you can execute native SELECT SQL statements
+and map the results to Doctrine entities or any other result format
+supported by Doctrine.
+
+In order to make this mapping possible, you need to describe
+to Doctrine what columns in the result map to which entity property.
+This description is represented by a ``ResultSetMapping`` object.
+
+With this feature you can map arbitrary SQL code to objects, such as highly
+vendor-optimized SQL or stored-procedures.
+
+Writing ``ResultSetMapping`` from scratch is complex, but there is a convenience
+wrapper around it called a ``ResultSetMappingBuilder``. It can generate
+the mappings for you based on Entities and even generates the ``SELECT``
+clause based on this information for you.
+
+.. note::
+
+    If you want to execute DELETE, UPDATE or INSERT statements
+    the Native SQL API cannot be used and will probably throw errors.
+    Use ``EntityManager#getConnection()`` to access the native database
+    connection and call the ``executeUpdate()`` method for these
+    queries.
+
+The NativeQuery class
+---------------------
+
+To create a ``NativeQuery`` you use the method
+``EntityManager#createNativeQuery($sql, $resultSetMapping)``. As you can see in
+the signature of this method, it expects 2 ingredients: The SQL you want to
+execute and the ``ResultSetMapping`` that describes how the results will be
+mapped.
+
+Once you obtained an instance of a ``NativeQuery``, you can bind parameters to
+it with the same API that ``Query`` has and execute it.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Query\ResultSetMapping;
+
+    $rsm = new ResultSetMapping();
+    // build rsm here
+
+    $query = $entityManager->createNativeQuery('SELECT id, name, discr FROM users WHERE name = ?', $rsm);
+    $query->setParameter(1, 'romanb');
+
+    $users = $query->getResult();
+
+ResultSetMappingBuilder
+-----------------------
+
+An easy start into ResultSet mapping is the ``ResultSetMappingBuilder`` object.
+This has several benefits:
+
+- The builder takes care of automatically updating your ``ResultSetMapping``
+  when the fields or associations change on the metadata of an entity.
+- You can generate the required ``SELECT`` expression for a builder
+  by converting it to a string.
+- The API is much simpler than the usual ``ResultSetMapping`` API.
+
+One downside is that the builder API does not yet support entities
+with inheritance hierarchies.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Query\ResultSetMappingBuilder;
+
+    $sql = "SELECT u.id, u.name, a.id AS address_id, a.street, a.city " .
+           "FROM users u INNER JOIN address a ON u.address_id = a.id";
+
+    $rsm = new ResultSetMappingBuilder($entityManager);
+    $rsm->addRootEntityFromClassMetadata('MyProject\User', 'u');
+    $rsm->addJoinedEntityFromClassMetadata('MyProject\Address', 'a', 'u', 'address', array('id' => 'address_id'));
+
+The builder extends the ``ResultSetMapping`` class and as such has all the functionality of it as well.
+
+The ``SELECT`` clause can be generated
+from a ``ResultSetMappingBuilder``. You can either cast the builder
+object to ``(string)`` and the DQL aliases are used as SQL table aliases
+or use the ``generateSelectClause($tableAliases)`` method and pass
+a mapping from DQL alias (key) to SQL alias (value)
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    $selectClause = $rsm->generateSelectClause(array(
+        'u' => 't1',
+        'g' => 't2'
+    ));
+    $sql = "SELECT " . $selectClause . " FROM users t1 JOIN groups t2 ON t1.group_id = t2.id";
+
+
+The ResultSetMapping
+--------------------
+
+Understanding the ``ResultSetMapping`` is the key to using a
+``NativeQuery``. A Doctrine result can contain the following
+components:
+
+
+-  Entity results. These represent root result elements.
+-  Joined entity results. These represent joined entities in
+   associations of root entity results.
+-  Field results. These represent a column in the result set that
+   maps to a field of an entity. A field result always belongs to an
+   entity result or joined entity result.
+-  Scalar results. These represent scalar values in the result set
+   that will appear in each result row. Adding scalar results to a
+   ResultSetMapping can also cause the overall result to become
+   **mixed** (see DQL - Doctrine Query Language) if the same
+   ResultSetMapping also contains entity results.
+-  Meta results. These represent columns that contain
+   meta-information, such as foreign keys and discriminator columns.
+   When querying for objects (``getResult()``), all meta columns of
+   root entities or joined entities must be present in the SQL query
+   and mapped accordingly using ``ResultSetMapping#addMetaResult``.
+
+.. note::
+
+    It might not surprise you that Doctrine uses
+    ``ResultSetMapping`` internally when you create DQL queries. As
+    the query gets parsed and transformed to SQL, Doctrine fills a
+    ``ResultSetMapping`` that describes how the results should be
+    processed by the hydration routines.
+
+
+We will now look at each of the result types that can appear in a
+ResultSetMapping in detail.
+
+Entity results
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+An entity result describes an entity type that appears as a root
+element in the transformed result. You add an entity result through
+``ResultSetMapping#addEntityResult()``. Let's take a look at the
+method signature in detail:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * Adds an entity result to this ResultSetMapping.
+     *
+     * @param string $class The class name of the entity.
+     * @param string $alias The alias for the class. The alias must be unique among all entity
+     *                      results or joined entity results within this ResultSetMapping.
+     */
+    public function addEntityResult($class, $alias)
+
+The first parameter is the fully qualified name of the entity
+class. The second parameter is some arbitrary alias for this entity
+result that must be unique within a ``ResultSetMapping``. You use
+this alias to attach field results to the entity result. It is very
+similar to an identification variable that you use in DQL to alias
+classes or relationships.
+
+An entity result alone is not enough to form a valid
+``ResultSetMapping``. An entity result or joined entity result
+always needs a set of field results, which we will look at soon.
+
+Joined entity results
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A joined entity result describes an entity type that appears as a
+joined relationship element in the transformed result, attached to
+a (root) entity result. You add a joined entity result through
+``ResultSetMapping#addJoinedEntityResult()``. Let's take a look at
+the method signature in detail:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * Adds a joined entity result.
+     *
+     * @param string $class The class name of the joined entity.
+     * @param string $alias The unique alias to use for the joined entity.
+     * @param string $parentAlias The alias of the entity result that is the parent of this joined result.
+     * @param object $relation The association field that connects the parent entity result with the joined entity result.
+     */
+    public function addJoinedEntityResult($class, $alias, $parentAlias, $relation)
+
+The first parameter is the class name of the joined entity. The
+second parameter is an arbitrary alias for the joined entity that
+must be unique within the ``ResultSetMapping``. You use this alias
+to attach field results to the entity result. The third parameter
+is the alias of the entity result that is the parent type of the
+joined relationship. The fourth and last parameter is the name of
+the field on the parent entity result that should contain the
+joined entity result.
+
+Field results
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A field result describes the mapping of a single column in a SQL
+result set to a field in an entity. As such, field results are
+inherently bound to entity results. You add a field result through
+``ResultSetMapping#addFieldResult()``. Again, let's examine the
+method signature in detail:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * Adds a field result that is part of an entity result or joined entity result.
+     *
+     * @param string $alias The alias of the entity result or joined entity result.
+     * @param string $columnName The name of the column in the SQL result set.
+     * @param string $fieldName The name of the field on the (joined) entity.
+     */
+    public function addFieldResult($alias, $columnName, $fieldName)
+
+The first parameter is the alias of the entity result to which the
+field result will belong. The second parameter is the name of the
+column in the SQL result set. Note that this name is case
+sensitive, i.e. if you use a native query against Oracle it must be
+all uppercase. The third parameter is the name of the field on the
+entity result identified by ``$alias`` into which the value of the
+column should be set.
+
+Scalar results
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A scalar result describes the mapping of a single column in a SQL
+result set to a scalar value in the Doctrine result. Scalar results
+are typically used for aggregate values but any column in the SQL
+result set can be mapped as a scalar value. To add a scalar result
+use ``ResultSetMapping#addScalarResult()``. The method signature in
+detail:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * Adds a scalar result mapping.
+     *
+     * @param string $columnName The name of the column in the SQL result set.
+     * @param string $alias The result alias with which the scalar result should be placed in the result structure.
+     */
+    public function addScalarResult($columnName, $alias)
+
+The first parameter is the name of the column in the SQL result set
+and the second parameter is the result alias under which the value
+of the column will be placed in the transformed Doctrine result.
+
+Meta results
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A meta result describes a single column in a SQL result set that
+is either a foreign key or a discriminator column. These columns
+are essential for Doctrine to properly construct objects out of SQL
+result sets. To add a column as a meta result use
+``ResultSetMapping#addMetaResult()``. The method signature in
+detail:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * Adds a meta column (foreign key or discriminator column) to the result set.
+     *
+     * @param string  $alias
+     * @param string  $columnAlias
+     * @param string  $columnName
+     * @param boolean $isIdentifierColumn
+     */
+    public function addMetaResult($alias, $columnAlias, $columnName, $isIdentifierColumn = false)
+
+The first parameter is the alias of the entity result to which the
+meta column belongs. A meta result column (foreign key or
+discriminator column) always belongs to an entity result. The
+second parameter is the column alias/name of the column in the SQL
+result set and the third parameter is the column name used in the
+mapping.
+The fourth parameter should be set to true in case the primary key
+of the entity is the foreign key you're adding.
+
+Discriminator Column
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When joining an inheritance tree you have to give Doctrine a hint
+which meta-column is the discriminator column of this tree.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * Sets a discriminator column for an entity result or joined entity result.
+     * The discriminator column will be used to determine the concrete class name to
+     * instantiate.
+     *
+     * @param string $alias The alias of the entity result or joined entity result the discriminator
+     *                      column should be used for.
+     * @param string $discrColumn The name of the discriminator column in the SQL result set.
+     */
+    public function setDiscriminatorColumn($alias, $discrColumn)
+
+Examples
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Understanding a ResultSetMapping is probably easiest through
+looking at some examples.
+
+First a basic example that describes the mapping of a single
+entity.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // Equivalent DQL query: "select u from User u where u.name=?1"
+    // User owns no associations.
+    $rsm = new ResultSetMapping;
+    $rsm->addEntityResult('User', 'u');
+    $rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'id', 'id');
+    $rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'name', 'name');
+
+    $query = $this->_em->createNativeQuery('SELECT id, name FROM users WHERE name = ?', $rsm);
+    $query->setParameter(1, 'romanb');
+
+    $users = $query->getResult();
+
+The result would look like this:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    array(
+        [0] => User (Object)
+    )
+
+Note that this would be a partial object if the entity has more
+fields than just id and name. In the example above the column and
+field names are identical but that is not necessary, of course.
+Also note that the query string passed to createNativeQuery is
+**real native SQL**. Doctrine does not touch this SQL in any way.
+
+In the previous basic example, a User had no relations and the
+table the class is mapped to owns no foreign keys. The next example
+assumes User has a unidirectional or bidirectional one-to-one
+association to a CmsAddress, where the User is the owning side and
+thus owns the foreign key.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // Equivalent DQL query: "select u from User u where u.name=?1"
+    // User owns an association to an Address but the Address is not loaded in the query.
+    $rsm = new ResultSetMapping;
+    $rsm->addEntityResult('User', 'u');
+    $rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'id', 'id');
+    $rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'name', 'name');
+    $rsm->addMetaResult('u', 'address_id', 'address_id');
+
+    $query = $this->_em->createNativeQuery('SELECT id, name, address_id FROM users WHERE name = ?', $rsm);
+    $query->setParameter(1, 'romanb');
+
+    $users = $query->getResult();
+
+Foreign keys are used by Doctrine for lazy-loading purposes when
+querying for objects. In the previous example, each user object in
+the result will have a proxy (a "ghost") in place of the address
+that contains the address\_id. When the ghost proxy is accessed, it
+loads itself based on this key.
+
+Consequently, associations that are *fetch-joined* do not require
+the foreign keys to be present in the SQL result set, only
+associations that are lazy.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // Equivalent DQL query: "select u from User u join u.address a WHERE u.name = ?1"
+    // User owns association to an Address and the Address is loaded in the query.
+    $rsm = new ResultSetMapping;
+    $rsm->addEntityResult('User', 'u');
+    $rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'id', 'id');
+    $rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'name', 'name');
+    $rsm->addJoinedEntityResult('Address' , 'a', 'u', 'address');
+    $rsm->addFieldResult('a', 'address_id', 'id');
+    $rsm->addFieldResult('a', 'street', 'street');
+    $rsm->addFieldResult('a', 'city', 'city');
+
+    $sql = 'SELECT u.id, u.name, a.id AS address_id, a.street, a.city FROM users u ' .
+           'INNER JOIN address a ON u.address_id = a.id WHERE u.name = ?';
+    $query = $this->_em->createNativeQuery($sql, $rsm);
+    $query->setParameter(1, 'romanb');
+
+    $users = $query->getResult();
+
+In this case the nested entity ``Address`` is registered with the
+``ResultSetMapping#addJoinedEntityResult`` method, which notifies
+Doctrine that this entity is not hydrated at the root level, but as
+a joined entity somewhere inside the object graph. In this case we
+specify the alias 'u' as third parameter and ``address`` as fourth
+parameter, which means the ``Address`` is hydrated into the
+``User::$address`` property.
+
+If a fetched entity is part of a mapped hierarchy that requires a
+discriminator column, this column must be present in the result set
+as a meta column so that Doctrine can create the appropriate
+concrete type. This is shown in the following example where we
+assume that there are one or more subclasses that extend User and
+either Class Table Inheritance or Single Table Inheritance is used
+to map the hierarchy (both use a discriminator column).
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // Equivalent DQL query: "select u from User u where u.name=?1"
+    // User is a mapped base class for other classes. User owns no associations.
+    $rsm = new ResultSetMapping;
+    $rsm->addEntityResult('User', 'u');
+    $rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'id', 'id');
+    $rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'name', 'name');
+    $rsm->addMetaResult('u', 'discr', 'discr'); // discriminator column
+    $rsm->setDiscriminatorColumn('u', 'discr');
+
+    $query = $this->_em->createNativeQuery('SELECT id, name, discr FROM users WHERE name = ?', $rsm);
+    $query->setParameter(1, 'romanb');
+
+    $users = $query->getResult();
+
+Note that in the case of Class Table Inheritance, an example as
+above would result in partial objects if any objects in the result
+are actually a subtype of User. When using DQL, Doctrine
+automatically includes the necessary joins for this mapping
+strategy but with native SQL it is your responsibility.
+
+Named Native Query
+------------------
+
+.. note::
+
+    Named Native Queries are deprecated as of version 2.9 and will be removed in ORM 3.0
+
+You can also map a native query using a named native query mapping.
+
+To achieve that, you must describe the SQL resultset structure
+using named native query (and sql resultset mappings if is a several resultset mappings).
+
+Like named query, a named native query can be defined at class level or in a XML or YAML file.
+
+
+A resultSetMapping parameter is defined in @NamedNativeQuery,
+it represents the name of a defined @SqlResultSetMapping.
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        namespace MyProject\Model;
+        /**
+         * @NamedNativeQueries({
+         *      @NamedNativeQuery(
+         *          name            = "fetchMultipleJoinsEntityResults",
+         *          resultSetMapping= "mappingMultipleJoinsEntityResults",
+         *          query           = "SELECT u.id AS u_id, u.name AS u_name, u.status AS u_status, a.id AS a_id, a.zip AS a_zip, a.country AS a_country, COUNT(p.phonenumber) AS numphones FROM users u INNER JOIN addresses a ON u.id = a.user_id INNER JOIN phonenumbers p ON u.id = p.user_id GROUP BY u.id, u.name, u.status, u.username, a.id, a.zip, a.country ORDER BY u.username"
+         *      ),
+         * })
+         * @SqlResultSetMappings({
+         *      @SqlResultSetMapping(
+         *          name    = "mappingMultipleJoinsEntityResults",
+         *          entities= {
+         *              @EntityResult(
+         *                  entityClass = "__CLASS__",
+         *                  fields      = {
+         *                      @FieldResult(name = "id",       column="u_id"),
+         *                      @FieldResult(name = "name",     column="u_name"),
+         *                      @FieldResult(name = "status",   column="u_status"),
+         *                  }
+         *              ),
+         *              @EntityResult(
+         *                  entityClass = "Address",
+         *                  fields      = {
+         *                      @FieldResult(name = "id",       column="a_id"),
+         *                      @FieldResult(name = "zip",      column="a_zip"),
+         *                      @FieldResult(name = "country",  column="a_country"),
+         *                  }
+         *              )
+         *          },
+         *          columns = {
+         *              @ColumnResult("numphones")
+         *          }
+         *      )
+         *})
+         */
+         class User
+        {
+            /** @Id @Column(type="integer") @GeneratedValue */
+            public $id;
+
+            /** @Column(type="string", length=50, nullable=true) */
+            public $status;
+
+            /** @Column(type="string", length=255, unique=true) */
+            public $username;
+
+            /** @Column(type="string", length=255) */
+            public $name;
+
+            /** @OneToMany(targetEntity="Phonenumber") */
+            public $phonenumbers;
+
+            /** @OneToOne(targetEntity="Address") */
+            public $address;
+
+            // ....
+        }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+            <entity name="MyProject\Model\User">
+                <named-native-queries>
+                    <named-native-query name="fetchMultipleJoinsEntityResults" result-set-mapping="mappingMultipleJoinsEntityResults">
+                        <query>SELECT u.id AS u_id, u.name AS u_name, u.status AS u_status, a.id AS a_id, a.zip AS a_zip, a.country AS a_country, COUNT(p.phonenumber) AS numphones FROM users u INNER JOIN addresses a ON u.id = a.user_id INNER JOIN phonenumbers p ON u.id = p.user_id GROUP BY u.id, u.name, u.status, u.username, a.id, a.zip, a.country ORDER BY u.username</query>
+                    </named-native-query>
+                </named-native-queries>
+                <sql-result-set-mappings>
+                    <sql-result-set-mapping name="mappingMultipleJoinsEntityResults">
+                        <entity-result entity-class="__CLASS__">
+                            <field-result name="id" column="u_id"/>
+                            <field-result name="name" column="u_name"/>
+                            <field-result name="status" column="u_status"/>
+                        </entity-result>
+                        <entity-result entity-class="Address">
+                            <field-result name="id" column="a_id"/>
+                            <field-result name="zip" column="a_zip"/>
+                            <field-result name="country" column="a_country"/>
+                        </entity-result>
+                        <column-result name="numphones"/>
+                    </sql-result-set-mapping>
+                </sql-result-set-mappings>
+            </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        MyProject\Model\User:
+          type: entity
+          namedNativeQueries:
+            fetchMultipleJoinsEntityResults:
+              name: fetchMultipleJoinsEntityResults
+              resultSetMapping: mappingMultipleJoinsEntityResults
+              query: SELECT u.id AS u_id, u.name AS u_name, u.status AS u_status, a.id AS a_id, a.zip AS a_zip, a.country AS a_country, COUNT(p.phonenumber) AS numphones FROM users u INNER JOIN addresses a ON u.id = a.user_id INNER JOIN phonenumbers p ON u.id = p.user_id GROUP BY u.id, u.name, u.status, u.username, a.id, a.zip, a.country ORDER BY u.username
+          sqlResultSetMappings:
+            mappingMultipleJoinsEntityResults:
+              name: mappingMultipleJoinsEntityResults
+              columnResult:
+                0:
+                  name: numphones
+              entityResult:
+                0:
+                  entityClass: __CLASS__
+                  fieldResult:
+                    0:
+                      name: id
+                      column: u_id
+                    1:
+                      name: name
+                      column: u_name
+                    2:
+                      name: status
+                      column: u_status
+                1:
+                  entityClass: Address
+                  fieldResult:
+                    0:
+                      name: id
+                      column: a_id
+                    1:
+                      name: zip
+                      column: a_zip
+                    2:
+                      name: country
+                      column: a_country
+
+
+Things to note:
+    - The resultset mapping declares the entities retrieved by this native query.
+    - Each field of the entity is bound to a SQL alias (or column name).
+    - All fields of the entity including the ones of subclasses
+      and the foreign key columns of related entities have to be present in the SQL query.
+    - Field definitions are optional provided that they map to the same
+      column name as the one declared on the class property.
+    - ``__CLASS__`` is an alias for the mapped class
+
+
+In the above example,
+the ``fetchJoinedAddress`` named query use the joinMapping result set mapping.
+This mapping returns 2 entities, User and Address, each property is declared and associated to a column name,
+actually the column name retrieved by the query.
+
+Let's now see an implicit declaration of the property / column.
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        namespace MyProject\Model;
+            /**
+             * @NamedNativeQueries({
+             *      @NamedNativeQuery(
+             *          name                = "findAll",
+             *          resultSetMapping    = "mappingFindAll",
+             *          query               = "SELECT * FROM addresses"
+             *      ),
+             * })
+             * @SqlResultSetMappings({
+             *      @SqlResultSetMapping(
+             *          name    = "mappingFindAll",
+             *          entities= {
+             *              @EntityResult(
+             *                  entityClass = "Address"
+             *              )
+             *          }
+             *      )
+             * })
+             */
+           class Address
+           {
+                /**  @Id @Column(type="integer") @GeneratedValue */
+                public $id;
+
+                /** @Column() */
+                public $country;
+
+                /** @Column() */
+                public $zip;
+
+                /** @Column()*/
+                public $city;
+
+                // ....
+            }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+            <entity name="MyProject\Model\Address">
+                <named-native-queries>
+                    <named-native-query name="findAll" result-set-mapping="mappingFindAll">
+                        <query>SELECT * FROM addresses</query>
+                    </named-native-query>
+                </named-native-queries>
+                <sql-result-set-mappings>
+                    <sql-result-set-mapping name="mappingFindAll">
+                        <entity-result entity-class="Address"/>
+                    </sql-result-set-mapping>
+                </sql-result-set-mappings>
+            </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        MyProject\Model\Address:
+          type: entity
+          namedNativeQueries:
+            findAll:
+              resultSetMapping: mappingFindAll
+              query: SELECT * FROM addresses
+          sqlResultSetMappings:
+            mappingFindAll:
+              name: mappingFindAll
+              entityResult:
+                address:
+                  entityClass: Address
+
+
+In this example, we only describe the entity member of the result set mapping.
+The property / column mappings is done using the entity mapping values.
+In this case the model property is bound to the model_txt column.
+If the association to a related entity involve a composite primary key,
+a @FieldResult element should be used for each foreign key column.
+The @FieldResult name is composed of the property name for the relationship,
+followed by a dot ("."), followed by the name or the field or property of the primary key.
+
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        namespace MyProject\Model;
+            /**
+             * @NamedNativeQueries({
+             *      @NamedNativeQuery(
+             *          name            = "fetchJoinedAddress",
+             *          resultSetMapping= "mappingJoinedAddress",
+             *          query           = "SELECT u.id, u.name, u.status, a.id AS a_id, a.country AS a_country, a.zip AS a_zip, a.city AS a_city FROM users u INNER JOIN addresses a ON u.id = a.user_id WHERE u.username = ?"
+             *      ),
+             * })
+             * @SqlResultSetMappings({
+             *      @SqlResultSetMapping(
+             *          name    = "mappingJoinedAddress",
+             *          entities= {
+             *              @EntityResult(
+             *                  entityClass = "__CLASS__",
+             *                  fields      = {
+             *                      @FieldResult(name = "id"),
+             *                      @FieldResult(name = "name"),
+             *                      @FieldResult(name = "status"),
+             *                      @FieldResult(name = "address.id", column = "a_id"),
+             *                      @FieldResult(name = "address.zip", column = "a_zip"),
+             *                      @FieldResult(name = "address.city", column = "a_city"),
+             *                      @FieldResult(name = "address.country", column = "a_country"),
+             *                  }
+             *              )
+             *          }
+             *      )
+             * })
+             */
+            class User
+            {
+                /** @Id @Column(type="integer") @GeneratedValue */
+                public $id;
+
+                /** @Column(type="string", length=50, nullable=true) */
+                public $status;
+
+                /** @Column(type="string", length=255, unique=true) */
+                public $username;
+
+                /** @Column(type="string", length=255) */
+                public $name;
+
+                /** @OneToOne(targetEntity="Address") */
+                public $address;
+
+                // ....
+            }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+            <entity name="MyProject\Model\User">
+                <named-native-queries>
+                    <named-native-query name="fetchJoinedAddress" result-set-mapping="mappingJoinedAddress">
+                        <query>SELECT u.id, u.name, u.status, a.id AS a_id, a.country AS a_country, a.zip AS a_zip, a.city AS a_city FROM users u INNER JOIN addresses a ON u.id = a.user_id WHERE u.username = ?</query>
+                    </named-native-query>
+                </named-native-queries>
+                <sql-result-set-mappings>
+                    <sql-result-set-mapping name="mappingJoinedAddress">
+                        <entity-result entity-class="__CLASS__">
+                            <field-result name="id"/>
+                            <field-result name="name"/>
+                            <field-result name="status"/>
+                            <field-result name="address.id" column="a_id"/>
+                            <field-result name="address.zip"  column="a_zip"/>
+                            <field-result name="address.city"  column="a_city"/>
+                            <field-result name="address.country" column="a_country"/>
+                        </entity-result>
+                    </sql-result-set-mapping>
+                </sql-result-set-mappings>
+            </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        MyProject\Model\User:
+          type: entity
+          namedNativeQueries:
+            fetchJoinedAddress:
+              name: fetchJoinedAddress
+              resultSetMapping: mappingJoinedAddress
+              query: SELECT u.id, u.name, u.status, a.id AS a_id, a.country AS a_country, a.zip AS a_zip, a.city AS a_city FROM users u INNER JOIN addresses a ON u.id = a.user_id WHERE u.username = ?
+          sqlResultSetMappings:
+            mappingJoinedAddress:
+              entityResult:
+                0:
+                  entityClass: __CLASS__
+                  fieldResult:
+                    0:
+                      name: id
+                    1:
+                      name: name
+                    2:
+                      name: status
+                    3:
+                      name: address.id
+                      column: a_id
+                    4:
+                      name: address.zip
+                      column: a_zip
+                    5:
+                      name: address.city
+                      column: a_city
+                    6:
+                      name: address.country
+                      column: a_country
+
+
+
+If you retrieve a single entity and if you use the default mapping,
+you can use the resultClass attribute instead of resultSetMapping:
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        namespace MyProject\Model;
+            /**
+             * @NamedNativeQueries({
+             *      @NamedNativeQuery(
+             *          name           = "find-by-id",
+             *          resultClass    = "Address",
+             *          query          = "SELECT * FROM addresses"
+             *      ),
+             * })
+             */
+           class Address
+           {
+                // ....
+           }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+            <entity name="MyProject\Model\Address">
+                <named-native-queries>
+                    <named-native-query name="find-by-id" result-class="Address">
+                        <query>SELECT * FROM addresses WHERE id = ?</query>
+                    </named-native-query>
+                </named-native-queries>
+            </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        MyProject\Model\Address:
+          type: entity
+          namedNativeQueries:
+            findAll:
+              name: findAll
+              resultClass: Address
+              query: SELECT * FROM addresses
+
+
+In some of your native queries, you'll have to return scalar values,
+for example when building report queries.
+You can map them in the @SqlResultsetMapping through @ColumnResult.
+You actually can even mix, entities and scalar returns in the same native query (this is probably not that common though).
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        namespace MyProject\Model;
+            /**
+             * @NamedNativeQueries({
+             *      @NamedNativeQuery(
+             *          name            = "count",
+             *          resultSetMapping= "mappingCount",
+             *          query           = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS count FROM addresses"
+             *      )
+             * })
+             * @SqlResultSetMappings({
+             *      @SqlResultSetMapping(
+             *          name    = "mappingCount",
+             *          columns = {
+             *              @ColumnResult(
+             *                  name = "count"
+             *              )
+             *          }
+             *      )
+             * })
+             */
+           class Address
+           {
+                // ....
+           }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+            <entity name="MyProject\Model\Address">
+                <named-native-query name="count" result-set-mapping="mappingCount">
+                    <query>SELECT COUNT(*) AS count FROM addresses</query>
+                </named-native-query>
+                <sql-result-set-mappings>
+                    <sql-result-set-mapping name="mappingCount">
+                        <column-result name="count"/>
+                    </sql-result-set-mapping>
+                </sql-result-set-mappings>
+            </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        MyProject\Model\Address:
+          type: entity
+          namedNativeQueries:
+            count:
+              name: count
+              resultSetMapping: mappingCount
+              query: SELECT COUNT(*) AS count FROM addresses
+          sqlResultSetMappings:
+            mappingCount:
+              name: mappingCount
+              columnResult:
+                count:
+                  name: count

docs/en/reference/partial-objects.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+Partial Objects
+===============
+
+
+.. note::
+
+    Creating Partial Objects through DQL is deprecated and
+    will be removed in the future, use data transfer object
+    support in DQL instead. (`Details
+    <https://github.com/doctrine/orm/issues/8471>`_)
+
+A partial object is an object whose state is not fully initialized
+after being reconstituted from the database and that is
+disconnected from the rest of its data. The following section will
+describe why partial objects are problematic and what the approach
+of Doctrine2 to this problem is.
+
+.. note::
+
+    The partial object problem in general does not apply to
+    methods or queries where you do not retrieve the query result as
+    objects. Examples are: ``Query#getArrayResult()``,
+    ``Query#getScalarResult()``, ``Query#getSingleScalarResult()``,
+    etc.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Use of partial objects is tricky. Fields that are not retrieved
+    from the database will not be updated by the UnitOfWork even if they
+    get changed in your objects. You can only promote a partial object
+    to a fully-loaded object by calling ``EntityManager#refresh()``
+    or a DQL query with the refresh flag.
+
+
+What is the problem?
+--------------------
+
+In short, partial objects are problematic because they are usually
+objects with broken invariants. As such, code that uses these
+partial objects tends to be very fragile and either needs to "know"
+which fields or methods can be safely accessed or add checks around
+every field access or method invocation. The same holds true for
+the internals, i.e. the method implementations, of such objects.
+You usually simply assume the state you need in the method is
+available, after all you properly constructed this object before
+you pushed it into the database, right? These blind assumptions can
+quickly lead to null reference errors when working with such
+partial objects.
+
+It gets worse with the scenario of an optional association (0..1 to
+1). When the associated field is NULL, you don't know whether this
+object does not have an associated object or whether it was simply
+not loaded when the owning object was loaded from the database.
+
+These are reasons why many ORMs do not allow partial objects at all
+and instead you always have to load an object with all its fields
+(associations being proxied). One secure way to allow partial
+objects is if the programming language/platform allows the ORM tool
+to hook deeply into the object and instrument it in such a way that
+individual fields (not only associations) can be loaded lazily on
+first access. This is possible in Java, for example, through
+bytecode instrumentation. In PHP though this is not possible, so
+there is no way to have "secure" partial objects in an ORM with
+transparent persistence.
+
+Doctrine, by default, does not allow partial objects. That means,
+any query that only selects partial object data and wants to
+retrieve the result as objects (i.e. ``Query#getResult()``) will
+raise an exception telling you that partial objects are dangerous.
+If you want to force a query to return you partial objects,
+possibly as a performance tweak, you can use the ``partial``
+keyword as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $q = $em->createQuery("select partial u.{id,name} from MyApp\Domain\User u");
+
+You can also get a partial reference instead of a proxy reference by
+calling:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $reference = $em->getPartialReference('MyApp\Domain\User', 1);
+
+Partial references are objects with only the identifiers set as they
+are passed to the second argument of the ``getPartialReference()`` method.
+All other fields are null.
+
+When should I force partial objects?
+------------------------------------
+
+Mainly for optimization purposes, but be careful of premature
+optimization as partial objects lead to potentially more fragile
+code.
+
+

docs/en/reference/php-mapping.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+PHP Mapping
+===========
+
+Doctrine ORM also allows you to provide the ORM metadata in the form
+of plain PHP code using the ``ClassMetadata`` API. You can write
+the code in PHP files or inside of a static function named
+``loadMetadata($class)`` on the entity class itself.
+
+PHP Files
+---------
+
+If you wish to write your mapping information inside PHP files that
+are named after the entity and included to populate the metadata
+for an entity you can do so by using the ``PHPDriver``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $driver = new PHPDriver('/path/to/php/mapping/files');
+    $em->getConfiguration()->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
+
+Now imagine we had an entity named ``Entities\User`` and we wanted
+to write a mapping file for it using the above configured
+``PHPDriver`` instance:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    namespace Entities;
+
+    class User
+    {
+        private $id;
+        private $username;
+    }
+
+To write the mapping information you just need to create a file
+named ``Entities.User.php`` inside of the
+``/path/to/php/mapping/files`` folder:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // /path/to/php/mapping/files/Entities.User.php
+
+    $metadata->mapField(array(
+       'id' => true,
+       'fieldName' => 'id',
+       'type' => 'integer'
+    ));
+
+    $metadata->mapField(array(
+       'fieldName' => 'username',
+       'type' => 'string',
+       'options' => array(
+           'fixed' => true,
+           'comment' => "User's login name"
+       )
+    ));
+
+    $metadata->mapField(array(
+       'fieldName' => 'login_count',
+       'type' => 'integer',
+       'nullable' => false,
+       'options' => array(
+           'unsigned' => true,
+           'default' => 0
+       )
+    ));
+
+Now we can easily retrieve the populated ``ClassMetadata`` instance
+where the ``PHPDriver`` includes the file and the
+``ClassMetadataFactory`` caches it for later retrieval:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $class = $em->getClassMetadata('Entities\User');
+    // or
+    $class = $em->getMetadataFactory()->getMetadataFor('Entities\User');
+
+Static Function
+---------------
+
+In addition to the PHP files you can also specify your mapping
+information inside of a static function defined on the entity class
+itself. This is useful for cases where you want to keep your entity
+and mapping information together but don't want to use annotations.
+For this you just need to use the ``StaticPHPDriver``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $driver = new StaticPHPDriver('/path/to/entities');
+    $em->getConfiguration()->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
+
+Now you just need to define a static function named
+``loadMetadata($metadata)`` on your entity:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    namespace Entities;
+
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\ClassMetadata;
+
+    class User
+    {
+        // ...
+
+        public static function loadMetadata(ClassMetadata $metadata)
+        {
+            $metadata->mapField(array(
+               'id' => true,
+               'fieldName' => 'id',
+               'type' => 'integer'
+            ));
+
+            $metadata->mapField(array(
+               'fieldName' => 'username',
+               'type' => 'string'
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+ClassMetadataBuilder
+--------------------
+
+To ease the use of the ClassMetadata API (which is very raw) there is a ``ClassMetadataBuilder`` that you can use.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    namespace Entities;
+
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\ClassMetadata;
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Builder\ClassMetadataBuilder;
+
+    class User
+    {
+        // ...
+
+        public static function loadMetadata(ClassMetadata $metadata)
+        {
+            $builder = new ClassMetadataBuilder($metadata);
+            $builder->createField('id', 'integer')->isPrimaryKey()->generatedValue()->build();
+            $builder->addField('username', 'string');
+        }
+    }
+
+The API of the ClassMetadataBuilder has the following methods with a fluent interface:
+
+-   ``addField($name, $type, array $mapping)``
+-   ``setMappedSuperclass()``
+-   ``setReadOnly()``
+-   ``setCustomRepositoryClass($className)``
+-   ``setTable($name)``
+-   ``addIndex(array $columns, $indexName)``
+-   ``addUniqueConstraint(array $columns, $constraintName)``
+-   ``addNamedQuery($name, $dqlQuery)``
+-   ``setJoinedTableInheritance()``
+-   ``setSingleTableInheritance()``
+-   ``setDiscriminatorColumn($name, $type = 'string', $length = 255)``
+-   ``addDiscriminatorMapClass($name, $class)``
+-   ``setChangeTrackingPolicyDeferredExplicit()``
+-   ``setChangeTrackingPolicyNotify()``
+-   ``addLifecycleEvent($methodName, $event)``
+-   ``addManyToOne($name, $targetEntity, $inversedBy = null)``
+-   ``addInverseOneToOne($name, $targetEntity, $mappedBy)``
+-   ``addOwningOneToOne($name, $targetEntity, $inversedBy = null)``
+-   ``addOwningManyToMany($name, $targetEntity, $inversedBy = null)``
+-   ``addInverseManyToMany($name, $targetEntity, $mappedBy)``
+-   ``addOneToMany($name, $targetEntity, $mappedBy)``
+
+It also has several methods that create builders (which are necessary for advanced mappings):
+
+-   ``createField($name, $type)`` returns a ``FieldBuilder`` instance
+-   ``createManyToOne($name, $targetEntity)`` returns an ``AssociationBuilder`` instance
+-   ``createOneToOne($name, $targetEntity)`` returns an ``AssociationBuilder`` instance
+-   ``createManyToMany($name, $targetEntity)`` returns an ``ManyToManyAssociationBuilder`` instance
+-   ``createOneToMany($name, $targetEntity)`` returns an ``OneToManyAssociationBuilder`` instance
+
+ClassMetadataInfo API
+---------------------
+
+The ``ClassMetadataInfo`` class is the base data object for storing
+the mapping metadata for a single entity. It contains all the
+getters and setters you need populate and retrieve information for
+an entity.
+
+General Setters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+-  ``setTableName($tableName)``
+-  ``setPrimaryTable(array $primaryTableDefinition)``
+-  ``setCustomRepositoryClass($repositoryClassName)``
+-  ``setIdGeneratorType($generatorType)``
+-  ``setIdGenerator($generator)``
+-  ``setSequenceGeneratorDefinition(array $definition)``
+-  ``setChangeTrackingPolicy($policy)``
+-  ``setIdentifier(array $identifier)``
+
+Inheritance Setters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+-  ``setInheritanceType($type)``
+-  ``setSubclasses(array $subclasses)``
+-  ``setParentClasses(array $classNames)``
+-  ``setDiscriminatorColumn($columnDef)``
+-  ``setDiscriminatorMap(array $map)``
+
+Field Mapping Setters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+-  ``mapField(array $mapping)``
+-  ``mapOneToOne(array $mapping)``
+-  ``mapOneToMany(array $mapping)``
+-  ``mapManyToOne(array $mapping)``
+-  ``mapManyToMany(array $mapping)``
+
+Lifecycle Callback Setters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+-  ``addLifecycleCallback($callback, $event)``
+-  ``setLifecycleCallbacks(array $callbacks)``
+
+Versioning Setters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+-  ``setVersionMapping(array &$mapping)``
+-  ``setVersioned($bool)``
+-  ``setVersionField()``
+
+General Getters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+-  ``getTableName()``
+-  ``getSchemaName()``
+-  ``getTemporaryIdTableName()``
+
+Identifier Getters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+-  ``getIdentifierColumnNames()``
+-  ``usesIdGenerator()``
+-  ``isIdentifier($fieldName)``
+-  ``isIdGeneratorIdentity()``
+-  ``isIdGeneratorSequence()``
+-  ``isIdGeneratorTable()``
+-  ``isIdentifierNatural()``
+-  ``getIdentifierFieldNames()``
+-  ``getSingleIdentifierFieldName()``
+-  ``getSingleIdentifierColumnName()``
+
+Inheritance Getters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+-  ``isInheritanceTypeNone()``
+-  ``isInheritanceTypeJoined()``
+-  ``isInheritanceTypeSingleTable()``
+-  ``isInheritanceTypeTablePerClass()``
+-  ``isInheritedField($fieldName)``
+-  ``isInheritedAssociation($fieldName)``
+
+Change Tracking Getters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+-  ``isChangeTrackingDeferredExplicit()``
+-  ``isChangeTrackingDeferredImplicit()``
+-  ``isChangeTrackingNotify()``
+
+Field & Association Getters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+-  ``isUniqueField($fieldName)``
+-  ``isNullable($fieldName)``
+-  ``getColumnName($fieldName)``
+-  ``getFieldMapping($fieldName)``
+-  ``getAssociationMapping($fieldName)``
+-  ``getAssociationMappings()``
+-  ``getFieldName($columnName)``
+-  ``hasField($fieldName)``
+-  ``getColumnNames(array $fieldNames = null)``
+-  ``getTypeOfField($fieldName)``
+-  ``getTypeOfColumn($columnName)``
+-  ``hasAssociation($fieldName)``
+-  ``isSingleValuedAssociation($fieldName)``
+-  ``isCollectionValuedAssociation($fieldName)``
+
+Lifecycle Callback Getters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+-  ``hasLifecycleCallbacks($lifecycleEvent)``
+-  ``getLifecycleCallbacks($event)``
+
+ClassMetadata API
+-----------------
+
+The ``ClassMetadata`` class extends ``ClassMetadataInfo`` and adds
+the runtime functionality required by Doctrine. It adds a few extra
+methods related to runtime reflection for working with the entities
+themselves.
+
+
+-  ``getReflectionClass()``
+-  ``getReflectionProperties()``
+-  ``getReflectionProperty($name)``
+-  ``getSingleIdReflectionProperty()``
+-  ``getIdentifierValues($entity)``
+-  ``setIdentifierValues($entity, $id)``
+-  ``setFieldValue($entity, $field, $value)``
+-  ``getFieldValue($entity, $field)``
+
+

docs/en/reference/query-builder.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,609 @@
+The QueryBuilder
+================
+
+A ``QueryBuilder`` provides an API that is designed for
+conditionally constructing a DQL query in several steps.
+
+It provides a set of classes and methods that is able to
+programmatically build queries, and also provides a fluent API.
+This means that you can change between one methodology to the other
+as you want, or just pick a preferred one.
+
+.. note::
+
+    The ``QueryBuilder`` is not an abstraction of DQL, but merely a tool to dynamically build it.
+    You should still use plain DQL when you can, as it is simpler and more readable.
+    More about this in the :doc:`FAQ <faq>`_.
+
+Constructing a new QueryBuilder object
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The same way you build a normal Query, you build a ``QueryBuilder``
+object. Here is an example of how to build a ``QueryBuilder``
+object:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $em instanceof EntityManager
+
+    // example1: creating a QueryBuilder instance
+    $qb = $em->createQueryBuilder();
+
+An instance of QueryBuilder has several informative methods.  One
+good example is to inspect what type of object the
+``QueryBuilder`` is.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+
+    // example2: retrieving type of QueryBuilder
+    echo $qb->getType(); // Prints: 0
+
+There're currently 3 possible return values for ``getType()``:
+
+
+-  ``QueryBuilder::SELECT``, which returns value 0
+-  ``QueryBuilder::DELETE``, returning value 1
+-  ``QueryBuilder::UPDATE``, which returns value 2
+
+It is possible to retrieve the associated ``EntityManager`` of the
+current ``QueryBuilder``, its DQL and also a ``Query`` object when
+you finish building your DQL.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+
+    // example3: retrieve the associated EntityManager
+    $em = $qb->getEntityManager();
+
+    // example4: retrieve the DQL string of what was defined in QueryBuilder
+    $dql = $qb->getDql();
+
+    // example5: retrieve the associated Query object with the processed DQL
+    $q = $qb->getQuery();
+
+Internally, ``QueryBuilder`` works with a DQL cache to increase
+performance. Any changes that may affect the generated DQL actually
+modifies the state of ``QueryBuilder`` to a stage we call
+STATE\_DIRTY. One ``QueryBuilder`` can be in two different states:
+
+
+-  ``QueryBuilder::STATE_CLEAN``, which means DQL haven't been
+   altered since last retrieval or nothing were added since its
+   instantiation
+-  ``QueryBuilder::STATE_DIRTY``, means DQL query must (and will)
+   be processed on next retrieval
+
+Working with QueryBuilder
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+High level API methods
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The most straightforward way to build a dynamic query with the ``QueryBuilder`` is by taking
+advantage of Helper methods. For all base code, there is a set of
+useful methods to simplify a programmer's life. To illustrate how
+to work with them, here is the same example 6 re-written using
+``QueryBuilder`` helper methods:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+
+    $qb->select('u')
+       ->from('User', 'u')
+       ->where('u.id = ?1')
+       ->orderBy('u.name', 'ASC');
+
+``QueryBuilder`` helper methods are considered the standard way to
+use the ``QueryBuilder``. The ``$qb->expr()->*`` methods can help you
+build conditional expressions dynamically. Here is a converted example 8 to
+suggested way to build queries with dynamic conditions:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+
+    $qb->select(array('u')) // string 'u' is converted to array internally
+       ->from('User', 'u')
+       ->where($qb->expr()->orX(
+           $qb->expr()->eq('u.id', '?1'),
+           $qb->expr()->like('u.nickname', '?2')
+       ))
+       ->orderBy('u.surname', 'ASC');
+
+Here is a complete list of helper methods available in ``QueryBuilder``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class QueryBuilder
+    {
+        // Example - $qb->select('u')
+        // Example - $qb->select(array('u', 'p'))
+        // Example - $qb->select($qb->expr()->select('u', 'p'))
+        public function select($select = null);
+
+        // addSelect does not override previous calls to select
+        //
+        // Example - $qb->select('u');
+        //              ->addSelect('p.area_code');
+        public function addSelect($select = null);
+
+        // Example - $qb->delete('User', 'u')
+        public function delete($delete = null, $alias = null);
+
+        // Example - $qb->update('Group', 'g')
+        public function update($update = null, $alias = null);
+
+        // Example - $qb->set('u.firstName', $qb->expr()->literal('Arnold'))
+        // Example - $qb->set('u.numChilds', 'u.numChilds + ?1')
+        // Example - $qb->set('u.numChilds', $qb->expr()->sum('u.numChilds', '?1'))
+        public function set($key, $value);
+
+        // Example - $qb->from('Phonenumber', 'p')
+        // Example - $qb->from('Phonenumber', 'p', 'p.id')
+        public function from($from, $alias, $indexBy = null);
+
+        // Example - $qb->join('u.Group', 'g', Expr\Join::WITH, $qb->expr()->eq('u.status_id', '?1'))
+        // Example - $qb->join('u.Group', 'g', 'WITH', 'u.status = ?1')
+        // Example - $qb->join('u.Group', 'g', 'WITH', 'u.status = ?1', 'g.id')
+        public function join($join, $alias, $conditionType = null, $condition = null, $indexBy = null);
+
+        // Example - $qb->innerJoin('u.Group', 'g', Expr\Join::WITH, $qb->expr()->eq('u.status_id', '?1'))
+        // Example - $qb->innerJoin('u.Group', 'g', 'WITH', 'u.status = ?1')
+        // Example - $qb->innerJoin('u.Group', 'g', 'WITH', 'u.status = ?1', 'g.id')
+        public function innerJoin($join, $alias, $conditionType = null, $condition = null, $indexBy = null);
+
+        // Example - $qb->leftJoin('u.Phonenumbers', 'p', Expr\Join::WITH, $qb->expr()->eq('p.area_code', 55))
+        // Example - $qb->leftJoin('u.Phonenumbers', 'p', 'WITH', 'p.area_code = 55')
+        // Example - $qb->leftJoin('u.Phonenumbers', 'p', 'WITH', 'p.area_code = 55', 'p.id')
+        public function leftJoin($join, $alias, $conditionType = null, $condition = null, $indexBy = null);
+
+        // NOTE: ->where() overrides all previously set conditions
+        //
+        // Example - $qb->where('u.firstName = ?1', $qb->expr()->eq('u.surname', '?2'))
+        // Example - $qb->where($qb->expr()->andX($qb->expr()->eq('u.firstName', '?1'), $qb->expr()->eq('u.surname', '?2')))
+        // Example - $qb->where('u.firstName = ?1 AND u.surname = ?2')
+        public function where($where);
+
+        // NOTE: ->andWhere() can be used directly, without any ->where() before
+        //
+        // Example - $qb->andWhere($qb->expr()->orX($qb->expr()->lte('u.age', 40), 'u.numChild = 0'))
+        public function andWhere($where);
+
+        // Example - $qb->orWhere($qb->expr()->between('u.id', 1, 10));
+        public function orWhere($where);
+
+        // NOTE: -> groupBy() overrides all previously set grouping conditions
+        //
+        // Example - $qb->groupBy('u.id')
+        public function groupBy($groupBy);
+
+        // Example - $qb->addGroupBy('g.name')
+        public function addGroupBy($groupBy);
+
+        // NOTE: -> having() overrides all previously set having conditions
+        //
+        // Example - $qb->having('u.salary >= ?1')
+        // Example - $qb->having($qb->expr()->gte('u.salary', '?1'))
+        public function having($having);
+
+        // Example - $qb->andHaving($qb->expr()->gt($qb->expr()->count('u.numChild'), 0))
+        public function andHaving($having);
+
+        // Example - $qb->orHaving($qb->expr()->lte('g.managerLevel', '100'))
+        public function orHaving($having);
+
+        // NOTE: -> orderBy() overrides all previously set ordering conditions
+        //
+        // Example - $qb->orderBy('u.surname', 'DESC')
+        public function orderBy($sort, $order = null);
+
+        // Example - $qb->addOrderBy('u.firstName')
+        public function addOrderBy($sort, $order = null); // Default $order = 'ASC'
+    }
+
+Binding parameters to your query
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Doctrine supports dynamic binding of parameters to your query,
+similar to preparing queries. You can use both strings and numbers
+as placeholders, although both have a slightly different syntax.
+Additionally, you must make your choice: Mixing both styles is not
+allowed. Binding parameters can simply be achieved as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+
+    $qb->select('u')
+       ->from('User', 'u')
+       ->where('u.id = ?1')
+       ->orderBy('u.name', 'ASC')
+       ->setParameter(1, 100); // Sets ?1 to 100, and thus we will fetch a user with u.id = 100
+
+You are not forced to enumerate your placeholders as the
+alternative syntax is available:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+
+    $qb->select('u')
+       ->from('User', 'u')
+       ->where('u.id = :identifier')
+       ->orderBy('u.name', 'ASC')
+       ->setParameter('identifier', 100); // Sets :identifier to 100, and thus we will fetch a user with u.id = 100
+
+Note that numeric placeholders start with a ? followed by a number
+while the named placeholders start with a : followed by a string.
+
+Calling ``setParameter()`` automatically infers which type you are setting as
+value. This works for integers, arrays of strings/integers, DateTime instances
+and for managed entities. If you want to set a type explicitly you can call
+the third argument to ``setParameter()`` explicitly. It accepts either a PDO
+type or a DBAL Type name for conversion.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Even though passing DateTime instance is allowed, it impacts performance 
+    as by default there is an attempt to load metadata for object, and if it's not found, 
+    type is inferred from the original value.
+    
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Types;
+    
+    // prevents attempt to load metadata for date time class, improving performance
+    $qb->setParameter('date', new \DateTimeImmutable(), Types::DATE_IMMUTABLE)
+
+If you've got several parameters to bind to your query, you can
+also use setParameters() instead of setParameter() with the
+following syntax:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    use Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection;
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Query\Parameter;
+    
+    // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+
+    // Query here...
+    $qb->setParameters(new ArrayCollection([
+        new Parameter('1', 'value for ?1'),
+        new Parameter('2', 'value for ?2')
+    ]));
+
+Getting already bound parameters is easy - simply use the above
+mentioned syntax with "getParameter()" or "getParameters()":
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+
+    // See example above
+    $params = $qb->getParameters();
+    // $params instanceof \Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection
+
+    // Equivalent to
+    $param = $qb->getParameter(1);
+    // $param instanceof \Doctrine\ORM\Query\Parameter
+
+Note: If you try to get a parameter that was not bound yet,
+getParameter() simply returns NULL.
+
+The API of a Query Parameter is:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    namespace Doctrine\ORM\Query;
+
+    class Parameter
+    {
+        public function getName();
+        public function getValue();
+        public function getType();
+        public function setValue($value, $type = null);
+    }
+
+Limiting the Result
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To limit a result the query builder has some methods in common with
+the Query object which can be retrieved from ``EntityManager#createQuery()``.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+    $offset = (int)$_GET['offset'];
+    $limit = (int)$_GET['limit'];
+
+    $qb->add('select', 'u')
+       ->add('from', 'User u')
+       ->add('orderBy', 'u.name ASC')
+       ->setFirstResult( $offset )
+       ->setMaxResults( $limit );
+
+Executing a Query
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The QueryBuilder is a builder object only -  it has no means of actually
+executing the Query. Additionally a set of parameters such as query hints
+cannot be set on the QueryBuilder itself. This is why you always have to convert
+a querybuilder instance into a Query object:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+    $query = $qb->getQuery();
+
+    // Set additional Query options
+    $query->setQueryHint('foo', 'bar');
+    $query->useResultCache('my_cache_id');
+
+    // Execute Query
+    $result = $query->getResult();
+    $iterableResult = $query->toIterable();
+    $single = $query->getSingleResult();
+    $array = $query->getArrayResult();
+    $scalar = $query->getScalarResult();
+    $singleScalar = $query->getSingleScalarResult();
+
+The Expr class
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To workaround some of the issues that ``add()`` method may cause,
+Doctrine created a class that can be considered as a helper for
+building expressions. This class is called ``Expr``, which provides a
+set of useful methods to help build expressions:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+
+    // example8: QueryBuilder port of:
+    // "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.id = ? OR u.nickname LIKE ? ORDER BY u.name ASC" using Expr class
+    $qb->add('select', new Expr\Select(array('u')))
+       ->add('from', new Expr\From('User', 'u'))
+       ->add('where', $qb->expr()->orX(
+           $qb->expr()->eq('u.id', '?1'),
+           $qb->expr()->like('u.nickname', '?2')
+       ))
+       ->add('orderBy', new Expr\OrderBy('u.name', 'ASC'));
+
+Although it still sounds complex, the ability to programmatically
+create conditions are the main feature of ``Expr``. Here it is a
+complete list of supported helper methods available:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class Expr
+    {
+        /** Conditional objects **/
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->andX($cond1 [, $condN])->add(...)->...
+        public function andX($x = null); // Returns Expr\AndX instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->orX($cond1 [, $condN])->add(...)->...
+        public function orX($x = null); // Returns Expr\OrX instance
+
+
+        /** Comparison objects **/
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->eq('u.id', '?1') => u.id = ?1
+        public function eq($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->neq('u.id', '?1') => u.id <> ?1
+        public function neq($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->lt('u.id', '?1') => u.id < ?1
+        public function lt($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->lte('u.id', '?1') => u.id <= ?1
+        public function lte($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->gt('u.id', '?1') => u.id > ?1
+        public function gt($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->gte('u.id', '?1') => u.id >= ?1
+        public function gte($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->isNull('u.id') => u.id IS NULL
+        public function isNull($x); // Returns string
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->isNotNull('u.id') => u.id IS NOT NULL
+        public function isNotNull($x); // Returns string
+
+
+        /** Arithmetic objects **/
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->prod('u.id', '2') => u.id * 2
+        public function prod($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Math instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->diff('u.id', '2') => u.id - 2
+        public function diff($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Math instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->sum('u.id', '2') => u.id + 2
+        public function sum($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Math instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->quot('u.id', '2') => u.id / 2
+        public function quot($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Math instance
+
+
+        /** Pseudo-function objects **/
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->exists($qb2->getDql())
+        public function exists($subquery); // Returns Expr\Func instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->all($qb2->getDql())
+        public function all($subquery); // Returns Expr\Func instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->some($qb2->getDql())
+        public function some($subquery); // Returns Expr\Func instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->any($qb2->getDql())
+        public function any($subquery); // Returns Expr\Func instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->not($qb->expr()->eq('u.id', '?1'))
+        public function not($restriction); // Returns Expr\Func instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->in('u.id', array(1, 2, 3))
+        // Make sure that you do NOT use something similar to $qb->expr()->in('value', array('stringvalue')) as this will cause Doctrine to throw an Exception.
+        // Instead, use $qb->expr()->in('value', array('?1')) and bind your parameter to ?1 (see section above)
+        public function in($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Func instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->notIn('u.id', '2')
+        public function notIn($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Func instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->like('u.firstname', $qb->expr()->literal('Gui%'))
+        public function like($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->notLike('u.firstname', $qb->expr()->literal('Gui%'))
+        public function notLike($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->between('u.id', '1', '10')
+        public function between($val, $x, $y); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+
+        /** Function objects **/
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->trim('u.firstname')
+        public function trim($x); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->concat('u.firstname', $qb->expr()->concat($qb->expr()->literal(' '), 'u.lastname'))
+        public function concat($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->substring('u.firstname', 0, 1)
+        public function substring($x, $from, $len); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->lower('u.firstname')
+        public function lower($x); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->upper('u.firstname')
+        public function upper($x); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->length('u.firstname')
+        public function length($x); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->avg('u.age')
+        public function avg($x); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->max('u.age')
+        public function max($x); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->min('u.age')
+        public function min($x); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->abs('u.currentBalance')
+        public function abs($x); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->sqrt('u.currentBalance')
+        public function sqrt($x); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->mod('u.currentBalance', '10')
+        public function mod($x); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->count('u.firstname')
+        public function count($x); // Returns Expr\Func
+
+        // Example - $qb->expr()->countDistinct('u.surname')
+        public function countDistinct($x); // Returns Expr\Func
+    }
+
+Adding a Criteria to a Query
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+You can also add a :ref:`filtering-collections` to a QueryBuilder by
+using ``addCriteria``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\Common\Collections\Criteria;
+    // ...
+
+    $criteria = Criteria::create()
+        ->orderBy(['firstName' => Criteria::ASC]);
+
+    // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+    $qb->addCriteria($criteria);
+    // then execute your query like normal
+
+Low Level API
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Now we will describe the low level method of creating queries.
+It may be useful to work at this level for optimization purposes,
+but most of the time it is preferred to work at a higher level of
+abstraction.
+
+All helper methods in ``QueryBuilder`` actually rely on a single
+one: ``add()``. This method is responsible of building every piece
+of DQL. It takes 3 parameters: ``$dqlPartName``, ``$dqlPart`` and
+``$append`` (default=false)
+
+
+-  ``$dqlPartName``: Where the ``$dqlPart`` should be placed.
+   Possible values: select, from, where, groupBy, having, orderBy
+-  ``$dqlPart``: What should be placed in ``$dqlPartName``. Accepts
+   a string or any instance of ``Doctrine\ORM\Query\Expr\*``
+-  ``$append``: Optional flag (default=false) if the ``$dqlPart``
+   should override all previously defined items in ``$dqlPartName`` or
+   not (no effect on the ``where`` and ``having`` DQL query parts,
+   which always override all previously defined items)
+
+-
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+
+    // example6: how to define:
+    // "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.id = ? ORDER BY u.name ASC"
+    // using QueryBuilder string support
+    $qb->add('select', 'u')
+       ->add('from', 'User u')
+       ->add('where', 'u.id = ?1')
+       ->add('orderBy', 'u.name ASC');
+
+Expr\* classes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+When you call ``add()`` with string, it internally evaluates to an
+instance of ``Doctrine\ORM\Query\Expr\Expr\*`` class. Here is the
+same query of example 6 written using
+``Doctrine\ORM\Query\Expr\Expr\*`` classes:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+   <?php
+   // $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
+
+   // example7: how to define:
+   // "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.id = ? ORDER BY u.name ASC"
+   // using QueryBuilder using Expr\* instances
+   $qb->add('select', new Expr\Select(array('u')))
+      ->add('from', new Expr\From('User', 'u'))
+      ->add('where', new Expr\Comparison('u.id', '=', '?1'))
+      ->add('orderBy', new Expr\OrderBy('u.name', 'ASC'));

docs/en/reference/second-level-cache.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,738 @@
+The Second Level Cache
+======================
+
+.. note::
+
+    The second level cache functionality is marked as experimental for now. It
+    is a very complex feature and we cannot guarantee yet that it works stable
+    in all cases.
+
+The Second Level Cache is designed to reduce the amount of necessary database access.
+It sits between your application and the database to avoid the number of database hits as much as possible.
+
+When turned on, entities will be first searched in cache and if they are not found,
+a database query will be fired and then the entity result will be stored in a cache provider.
+
+There are some flavors of caching available, but is better to cache read-only data.
+
+Be aware that caches are not aware of changes made to the persistent store by another application.
+They can, however, be configured to regularly expire cached data.
+
+
+Caching Regions
+---------------
+
+Second level cache does not store instances of an entity, instead it caches only entity identifier and values.
+Each entity class, collection association and query has its region, where values of each instance are stored.
+
+Caching Regions are specific region into the cache provider that might store entities, collection or queries.
+Each cache region resides in a specific cache namespace and has its own lifetime configuration.
+
+Notice that when caching collection and queries only identifiers are stored.
+The entity values will be stored in its own region
+
+Something like below for an entity region :
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    [
+      'region_name:entity_1_hash' => ['id'=> 1, 'name' => 'FooBar', 'associationName'=>null],
+      'region_name:entity_2_hash' => ['id'=> 2, 'name' => 'Foo', 'associationName'=>['id'=>11]],
+      'region_name:entity_3_hash' => ['id'=> 3, 'name' => 'Bar', 'associationName'=>['id'=>22]]
+    ];
+
+
+If the entity holds a collection that also needs to be cached.
+An collection region could look something like :
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    [
+      'region_name:entity_1_coll_assoc_name_hash' => ['ownerId'=> 1, 'list' => [1, 2, 3]],
+      'region_name:entity_2_coll_assoc_name_hash' => ['ownerId'=> 2, 'list' => [2, 3]],
+      'region_name:entity_3_coll_assoc_name_hash' => ['ownerId'=> 3, 'list' => [2, 4]]
+    ];
+
+A query region might be something like :
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    [
+      'region_name:query_1_hash' => ['list' => [1, 2, 3]],
+      'region_name:query_2_hash' => ['list' => [2, 3]],
+      'region_name:query_3_hash' => ['list' => [2, 4]]
+    ];
+
+
+.. note::
+
+    The following data structures represents now the cache will looks like, this is not actual cached data.
+
+
+.. _reference-second-level-cache-regions:
+
+Cache Regions
+-------------
+
+``Doctrine\ORM\Cache\Region\DefaultRegion`` is the default implementation.
+ A simplest cache region compatible with all doctrine-cache drivers but does not support locking.
+``Doctrine\ORM\Cache\Region`` and ``Doctrine\ORM\Cache\ConcurrentRegion``
+define contracts that should be implemented by a cache provider.
+
+It allows you to provide your own cache implementation that might take advantage of specific cache driver.
+
+If you want to support locking for ``READ_WRITE`` strategies you should implement ``ConcurrentRegion``; ``CacheRegion`` otherwise.
+
+
+Cache region
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``Doctrine\ORM\Cache\Region`` defines a contract for accessing a particular
+cache region.
+
+`See API Doc <https://www.doctrine-project.org/api/orm/current/Doctrine/ORM/Cache/Region.html>`_.
+
+Concurrent cache region
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A ``Doctrine\ORM\Cache\ConcurrentRegion`` is designed to store concurrently managed data region.
+By default, Doctrine provides a very simple implementation based on file locks ``Doctrine\ORM\Cache\Region\FileLockRegion``.
+
+If you want to use an ``READ_WRITE`` cache, you should consider providing your own cache region.
+
+``Doctrine\ORM\Cache\ConcurrentRegion`` defines a contract for concurrently managed data region.
+
+`See API Doc <https://www.doctrine-project.org/api/orm/current/Doctrine/ORM/Cache/ConcurrentRegion.html>`_.
+
+Timestamp region
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``Doctrine\ORM\Cache\TimestampRegion``
+
+Tracks the timestamps of the most recent updates to particular entity.
+
+`See API Doc <https://www.doctrine-project.org/api/orm/current/Doctrine/ORM/Cache/TimestampRegion.html>`_.
+
+.. _reference-second-level-cache-mode:
+
+Caching mode
+------------
+
+* ``READ_ONLY`` (DEFAULT)
+
+  * Can do reads, inserts and deletes, cannot perform updates or employ any locks.
+  * Useful for data that is read frequently but never updated.
+  * Best performer.
+  * It is Simple.
+
+* ``NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE``
+
+  * Read Write Cache doesn’t employ any locks but can do reads, inserts, updates and deletes.
+  * Good if the application needs to update data rarely.
+    
+
+* ``READ_WRITE``
+
+  * Read Write cache employs locks before update/delete.
+  * Use if data needs to be updated.
+  * Slowest strategy.
+  * To use it a the cache region implementation must support locking.
+
+
+Built-in cached persisters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Cached persisters are responsible to access cache regions.
+
+    +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Cache Usage           | Persister                                                                                 |
+    +=======================+===========================================================================================+
+    | READ_ONLY             | Doctrine\\ORM\\Cache\\Persister\\Entity\\ReadOnlyCachedEntityPersister                    |
+    +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | READ_WRITE            | Doctrine\\ORM\\Cache\\Persister\\Entity\\ReadWriteCachedEntityPersister                   |
+    +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE  | Doctrine\\ORM\\Cache\\Persister\\Entity\\NonStrictReadWriteCachedEntityPersister          |
+    +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | READ_ONLY             | Doctrine\\ORM\\Cache\\Persister\\Collection\\ReadOnlyCachedCollectionPersister            |
+    +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | READ_WRITE            | Doctrine\\ORM\\Cache\\Persister\\Collection\\ReadWriteCachedCollectionPersister           |
+    +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE  | Doctrine\\ORM\\Cache\\Persister\\Collection\\NonStrictReadWriteCachedCollectionPersister  |
+    +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+Configuration
+-------------
+Doctrine allows you to specify configurations and some points of extension for the second-level-cache
+
+
+Enable Second Level Cache
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+To enable the second-level-cache, you should provide a cache factory.
+``\Doctrine\ORM\Cache\DefaultCacheFactory`` is the default implementation.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /** @var \Doctrine\ORM\Cache\RegionsConfiguration $cacheConfig */
+    /** @var \Doctrine\Common\Cache\Cache $cache */
+    /** @var \Doctrine\ORM\Configuration $config */
+
+    $factory = new \Doctrine\ORM\Cache\DefaultCacheFactory($cacheConfig, $cache);
+
+    // Enable second-level-cache
+    $config->setSecondLevelCacheEnabled();
+
+    // Cache factory
+    $config->getSecondLevelCacheConfiguration()
+        ->setCacheFactory($factory);
+
+
+Cache Factory
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Cache Factory is the main point of extension.
+
+It allows you to provide a specific implementation of the following components :
+
+``QueryCache``
+    stores and retrieves query cache results.
+``CachedEntityPersister``
+    stores and retrieves entity results.
+``CachedCollectionPersister``
+    stores and retrieves query results.
+``EntityHydrator``
+    transforms entities into a cache entries and cache entries into entities
+``CollectionHydrator``
+    transforms collections into cache entries and cache entries into collections
+
+`See API Doc <https://www.doctrine-project.org/api/orm/current/Doctrine/ORM/Cache/DefaultCacheFactory.html>`_.
+
+Region Lifetime
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+To specify a default lifetime for all regions or specify a different lifetime for a specific region.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /** @var \Doctrine\ORM\Configuration $config */
+    /** @var \Doctrine\ORM\Cache\CacheConfiguration $cacheConfig */
+    /** @var \Doctrine\ORM\Cache\RegionsConfiguration $regionConfig */
+    $cacheConfig  =  $config->getSecondLevelCacheConfiguration();
+    $regionConfig =  $cacheConfig->getRegionsConfiguration();
+
+    // Cache Region lifetime
+    $regionConfig->setLifetime('my_entity_region', 3600);   // Time to live for a specific region (in seconds)
+    $regionConfig->setDefaultLifetime(7200);                // Default time to live (in seconds)
+
+
+Cache Log
+~~~~~~~~~
+By providing a cache logger you should be able to get information about all cache operations such as hits, misses and puts.
+
+``\Doctrine\ORM\Cache\Logging\StatisticsCacheLogger`` is a built-in implementation that provides basic statistics.
+
+ .. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /* @var $config \Doctrine\ORM\Configuration */
+    $logger = new \Doctrine\ORM\Cache\Logging\StatisticsCacheLogger();
+
+    // Cache logger
+    $config->setSecondLevelCacheEnabled(true);
+    $config->getSecondLevelCacheConfiguration()
+        ->setCacheLogger($logger);
+
+
+    // Collect cache statistics
+
+    // Get the number of entries successfully retrieved from a specific region.
+    $logger->getRegionHitCount('my_entity_region');
+
+    // Get the number of cached entries *not* found in a specific region.
+    $logger->getRegionMissCount('my_entity_region');
+
+    // Get the number of cacheable entries put in cache.
+    $logger->getRegionPutCount('my_entity_region');
+
+    // Get the total number of put in all regions.
+    $logger->getPutCount();
+
+    // Get the total number of entries successfully retrieved from all regions.
+    $logger->getHitCount();
+
+    // Get the total number of cached entries *not* found in all regions.
+    $logger->getMissCount();
+
+If you want to get more information you should implement
+``\Doctrine\ORM\Cache\Logging\CacheLogger`` and collect
+all the information you want.
+
+`See API Doc <https://www.doctrine-project.org/api/orm/current/Doctrine/ORM/Cache/Logging/CacheLogger.html>`_.
+
+
+Entity cache definition
+-----------------------
+* Entity cache configuration allows you to define the caching strategy and region for an entity.
+
+  * ``usage`` specifies the caching strategy: ``READ_ONLY``,
+``NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE``, ``READ_WRITE``.
+See :ref:`reference-second-level-cache-mode`.
+  * ``region`` is an optional value that specifies the name of the second
+level cache region.
+
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        /**
+         * @Entity
+         * @Cache(usage="READ_ONLY", region="my_entity_region")
+         */
+        class Country
+        {
+            /**
+             * @Id
+             * @GeneratedValue
+             * @Column(type="integer")
+             */
+            protected $id;
+
+            /**
+             * @Column(unique=true)
+             */
+            protected $name;
+
+            // other properties and methods
+        }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+        <doctrine-mapping xmlns="https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping" xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping https://www.doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd">
+          <entity name="Country">
+            <cache usage="READ_ONLY" region="my_entity_region" />
+            <id name="id" type="integer" column="id">
+              <generator strategy="IDENTITY"/>
+            </id>
+            <field name="name" type="string" column="name"/>
+          </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        Country:
+          type: entity
+          cache:
+            usage : READ_ONLY
+            region : my_entity_region
+          id:
+            id:
+              type: integer
+              id: true
+              generator:
+                strategy: IDENTITY
+          fields:
+            name:
+              type: string
+
+
+Association cache definition
+----------------------------
+The most common use case is to cache entities. But we can also cache relationships.
+It caches the primary keys of association and cache each element will be cached into its region.
+
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        /**
+         * @Entity
+         * @Cache("NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE")
+         */
+        class State
+        {
+            /**
+             * @Id
+             * @GeneratedValue
+             * @Column(type="integer")
+             */
+            protected $id;
+
+            /**
+             * @Column(unique=true)
+             */
+            protected $name;
+
+            /**
+             * @Cache("NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE")
+             * @ManyToOne(targetEntity="Country")
+             * @JoinColumn(name="country_id", referencedColumnName="id")
+             */
+            protected $country;
+
+            /**
+             * @Cache("NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE")
+             * @OneToMany(targetEntity="City", mappedBy="state")
+             */
+            protected $cities;
+
+            // other properties and methods
+        }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+        <doctrine-mapping xmlns="https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping" xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping https://www.doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd">
+          <entity name="State">
+
+            <cache usage="NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE" />
+
+            <id name="id" type="integer" column="id">
+              <generator strategy="IDENTITY"/>
+            </id>
+
+            <field name="name" type="string" column="name"/>
+            
+            <many-to-one field="country" target-entity="Country">
+              <cache usage="NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE" />
+
+              <join-columns>
+                <join-column name="country_id" referenced-column-name="id"/>
+              </join-columns>
+            </many-to-one>
+
+            <one-to-many field="cities" target-entity="City" mapped-by="state">
+              <cache usage="NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE"/>
+            </one-to-many>
+          </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        State:
+          type: entity
+          cache:
+            usage : NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE
+          id:
+            id:
+              type: integer
+              id: true
+              generator:
+                strategy: IDENTITY
+          fields:
+            name:
+              type: string
+
+          manyToOne:
+            state:
+              targetEntity: Country
+              joinColumns:
+                country_id:
+                  referencedColumnName: id
+              cache:
+                usage : NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE
+
+          oneToMany:
+            cities:
+              targetEntity:City
+              mappedBy: state
+              cache:
+                usage : NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE
+
+
+> Note: for this to work, the target entity must also be marked as cacheable.
+
+Cache usage
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Basic entity cache
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $em->persist(new Country($name));
+    $em->flush();                         // Hit database to insert the row and put into cache
+
+    $em->clear();                         // Clear entity manager
+
+    $country1  = $em->find('Country', 1); // Retrieve item from cache
+
+    $country1->setName("New Name");
+    
+    $em->flush();                         // Hit database to update the row and update cache
+
+    $em->clear();                         // Clear entity manager
+
+    $country2  = $em->find('Country', 1); // Retrieve item from cache
+                                          // Notice that $country1 and $country2 are not the same instance.
+
+
+Association cache
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // Hit database to insert the row and put into cache
+    $em->persist(new State($name, $country));
+    $em->flush();
+
+    // Clear entity manager
+    $em->clear();
+
+    // Retrieve item from cache
+    $state = $em->find('State', 1);
+
+    // Hit database to update the row and update cache entry
+    $state->setName("New Name");
+    $em->persist($state);
+    $em->flush();
+
+    // Create a new collection item
+    $city = new City($name, $state);
+    $state->addCity($city);
+
+    // Hit database to insert new collection item,
+    // put entity and collection cache into cache.
+    $em->persist($city);
+    $em->persist($state);
+    $em->flush();
+
+    // Clear entity manager
+    $em->clear();
+
+    // Retrieve item from cache
+    $state = $em->find('State', 1);
+
+    // Retrieve association from cache
+    $country = $state->getCountry();
+
+    // Retrieve collection from cache
+    $cities = $state->getCities();
+
+    echo $country->getName();
+    echo $state->getName();
+
+    // Retrieve each collection item from cache
+    foreach ($cities as $city) {
+        echo $city->getName();
+    }
+
+.. note::
+
+    Notice that all entities should be marked as cacheable.
+
+Using the query cache
+---------------------
+
+The second level cache stores the entities, associations and collections.
+The query cache stores the results of the query but as identifiers, entity values are actually stored in the 2nd level cache.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Query cache should always be used in conjunction with the second-level-cache for those entities which should be cached.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /* @var $em \Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager */
+
+    // Execute database query, store query cache and entity cache
+    $result1 = $em->createQuery('SELECT c FROM Country c ORDER BY c.name')
+        ->setCacheable(true)
+        ->getResult();
+
+    $em->clear()
+
+    // Check if query result is valid and load entities from cache
+    $result2 = $em->createQuery('SELECT c FROM Country c ORDER BY c.name')
+        ->setCacheable(true)
+        ->getResult();
+
+Cache mode
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Cache Mode controls how a particular query interacts with the second-level cache:
+
+* ``Cache::MODE_GET`` - May read items from the cache, but will not add items.
+* ``Cache::MODE_PUT`` - Will never read items from the cache, but will add items to the cache as it reads them from the database.
+* ``Cache::MODE_NORMAL`` - May read items from the cache, and add items to the cache.
+* ``Cache::MODE_REFRESH`` - The query will never read items from the cache, but will refresh items to the cache as it reads them from the database.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /* @var $em \Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager */
+    // Will refresh the query cache and all entities the cache as it reads from the database.
+    $result1 = $em->createQuery('SELECT c FROM Country c ORDER BY c.name')
+        ->setCacheMode(Cache::MODE_GET)
+        ->setCacheable(true)
+        ->getResult();
+
+.. note::
+
+    The the default query cache mode is ```Cache::MODE_NORMAL```
+
+DELETE / UPDATE queries
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+DQL UPDATE / DELETE statements are ported directly into a database and bypass
+the second-level cache.
+Entities that are already cached will NOT be invalidated.
+However the cached data could be evicted using the cache API or an special query hint.
+
+
+Execute the ``UPDATE`` and invalidate ``all cache entries`` using ``Query::HINT_CACHE_EVICT``
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // Execute and invalidate
+    $this->_em->createQuery("UPDATE Entity\Country u SET u.name = 'unknown' WHERE u.id = 1")
+        ->setHint(Query::HINT_CACHE_EVICT, true)
+        ->execute();
+
+
+Execute the ``UPDATE`` and invalidate ``all cache entries`` using the cache API
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // Execute
+    $this->_em->createQuery("UPDATE Entity\Country u SET u.name = 'unknown' WHERE u.id = 1")
+        ->execute();
+    // Invoke Cache API
+    $em->getCache()->evictEntityRegion('Entity\Country');
+
+
+Execute the ``UPDATE`` and invalidate ``a specific cache entry`` using the cache API
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // Execute
+    $this->_em->createQuery("UPDATE Entity\Country u SET u.name = 'unknown' WHERE u.id = 1")
+        ->execute();
+    // Invoke Cache API
+    $em->getCache()->evictEntity('Entity\Country', 1);
+
+Using the repository query cache
+--------------------------------
+
+As well as ``Query Cache`` all persister queries store only identifier values for an individual query.
+All persisters use a single timestamp cache region to keep track of the last update for each persister,
+When a query is loaded from cache, the timestamp region is checked for the last update for that persister.
+Using the last update timestamps as part of the query key invalidate the cache key when an update occurs.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // load from database and store cache query key hashing the query + parameters + last timestamp cache region..
+    $entities   = $em->getRepository('Entity\Country')->findAll();
+
+    // load from query and entities from cache..
+    $entities   = $em->getRepository('Entity\Country')->findAll();
+
+    // update the timestamp cache region for Country
+    $em->persist(new Country('zombieland'));
+    $em->flush();
+    $em->clear();
+
+    // Reload from database.
+    // At this point the query cache key is no longer valid, the select goes straight to the database
+    $entities   = $em->getRepository('Entity\Country')->findAll();
+
+Cache API
+---------
+
+Caches are not aware of changes made by another application.
+However, you can use the cache API to check / invalidate cache entries.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /* @var $cache \Doctrine\ORM\Cache */
+    $cache = $em->getCache();
+
+    $cache->containsEntity('Entity\State', 1)      // Check if the cache exists
+    $cache->evictEntity('Entity\State', 1);        // Remove an entity from cache
+    $cache->evictEntityRegion('Entity\State');     // Remove all entities from cache
+
+    $cache->containsCollection('Entity\State', 'cities', 1);   // Check if the cache exists
+    $cache->evictCollection('Entity\State', 'cities', 1);      // Remove an entity collection from cache
+    $cache->evictCollectionRegion('Entity\State', 'cities');   // Remove all collections from cache
+
+Limitations
+-----------
+
+Composite primary key
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Composite primary key are supported by second level cache,
+however when one of the keys is an association the cached entity should always be retrieved using the association identifier.
+For performance reasons the cache API does not extract from composite primary key.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /**
+     * @Entity
+     */
+    class Reference
+    {
+        /**
+         * @Id
+         * @ManyToOne(targetEntity="Article", inversedBy="references")
+         * @JoinColumn(name="source_id", referencedColumnName="article_id")
+         */
+        private $source;
+
+        /**
+         * @Id
+         * @ManyToOne(targetEntity="Article")
+         * @JoinColumn(name="target_id", referencedColumnName="article_id")
+         */
+        private $target;
+    }
+
+    // Supported
+    /* @var $article Article */
+    $article = $em->find('Article', 1);
+
+    // Supported
+    /* @var $article Article */
+    $article = $em->find('Article', $article);
+
+    // Supported
+    $id        = array('source' => 1, 'target' => 2);
+    $reference = $em->find('Reference', $id);
+
+    // NOT Supported
+    $id        = array('source' => new Article(1), 'target' => new Article(2));
+    $reference = $em->find('Reference', $id);
+
+Distributed environments
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Some cache driver are not meant to be used in a distributed environment.
+Load-balancer for distributing workloads across multiple computing resources
+should be used in conjunction with distributed caching system such as memcached, redis, riak ...
+
+Caches should be used with care when using a load-balancer if you don't share the cache.
+While using APC or any file based cache update occurred in a specific machine would not reflect to the cache in other machines.
+
+
+Paginator
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+Count queries generated by ``Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Pagination\Paginator`` are not cached by second-level cache.
+Although entities and query result are cached, count queries will hit the
+database every time.

docs/en/reference/security.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+Security
+========
+
+The Doctrine library is operating very close to your database and as such needs
+to handle and make assumptions about SQL injection vulnerabilities.
+
+It is vital that you understand how Doctrine approaches security, because
+we cannot protect you from SQL injection.
+
+Please also read the documentation chapter on Security in Doctrine DBAL. This
+page only handles Security issues in the ORM.
+
+- `DBAL Security Page <https://www.doctrine-project.org/projects/doctrine-dbal/en/current/reference/security.html>`
+
+If you find a Security bug in Doctrine, please report it on Jira and change the
+Security Level to "Security Issues". It will be visible to Doctrine Core
+developers and you only.
+
+User input and Doctrine ORM
+---------------------------
+
+The ORM is much better at protecting against SQL injection than the DBAL alone.
+You can consider the following APIs to be safe from SQL injection:
+
+- ``\Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager#find()`` and ``getReference()``.
+- All values on Objects inserted and updated through ``Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager#persist()``
+- All find methods on ``Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository``.
+- User Input set to DQL Queries or QueryBuilder methods through
+    - ``setParameter()`` or variants
+    - ``setMaxResults()``
+    - ``setFirstResult()``
+- Queries through the Criteria API on ``Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection`` and
+  ``Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository``.
+
+You are **NOT** safe from SQL injection when using user input with:
+
+- Expression API of ``Doctrine\ORM\QueryBuilder``
+- Concatenating user input into DQL SELECT, UPDATE or DELETE statements or
+  Native SQL.
+
+This means SQL injections can only occur with Doctrine ORM when working with
+Query Objects of any kind. The safe rule is to always use prepared statement
+parameters for user objects when using a Query object.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Insecure code follows, don't copy paste this.
+
+The following example shows insecure DQL usage:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    // INSECURE
+    $dql = "SELECT u
+              FROM MyProject\Entity\User u
+             WHERE u.status = '" .  $_GET['status'] . "'
+         ORDER BY " . $_GET['orderField'] . " ASC";
+
+For Doctrine there is absolutely no way to find out which parts of ``$dql`` are
+from user input and which are not, even if we have our own parsing process
+this is technically impossible. The correct way is:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    $orderFieldWhitelist = array('email', 'username');
+    $orderField = "email";
+
+    if (in_array($_GET['orderField'], $orderFieldWhitelist)) {
+        $orderField = $_GET['orderField'];
+    }
+
+    $dql = "SELECT u
+              FROM MyProject\Entity\User u
+             WHERE u.status = ?1
+         ORDER BY u." . $orderField . " ASC";
+
+    $query = $entityManager->createQuery($dql);
+    $query->setParameter(1, $_GET['status']);
+
+
+Preventing Mass Assignment Vulnerabilities
+------------------------------------------
+
+ORMs are very convenient for CRUD applications and Doctrine is no exception.
+However CRUD apps are often vulnerable to mass assignment security problems
+when implemented naively.
+
+Doctrine is not vulnerable to this problem out of the box, but you can easily
+make your entities vulnerable to mass assignment when you add methods of
+the kind ``updateFromArray()`` or ``updateFromJson()`` to them. A vulnerable
+entity might look like this:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    /**
+     * @Entity
+     */
+    class InsecureEntity
+    {
+        /** @Id @Column(type="integer") @GeneratedValue */
+        private $id;
+        /** @Column */
+        private $email;
+        /** @Column(type="boolean") */
+        private $isAdmin;
+
+        public function fromArray(array $userInput)
+        {
+            foreach ($userInput as $key => $value) {
+                $this->$key = $value;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+Now the possiblity of mass-asignment exists on this entity and can
+be exploited by attackers to set the "isAdmin" flag to true on any
+object when you pass the whole request data to this method like:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $entity = new InsecureEntity();
+    $entity->fromArray($_POST);
+
+    $entityManager->persist($entity);
+    $entityManager->flush();
+
+You can spot this problem in this very simple example easily. However
+in combination with frameworks and form libraries it might not be
+so obvious when this issue arises. Be careful to avoid this
+kind of mistake.
+
+How to fix this problem? You should always have a whitelist
+of allowed key to set via mass assignment functions.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    public function fromArray(array $userInput, $allowedFields = array())
+    {
+        foreach ($userInput as $key => $value) {
+            if (in_array($key, $allowedFields)) {
+                $this->$key = $value;
+            }
+        }
+    }

docs/en/reference/tools.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+Tools
+=====
+
+Doctrine Console
+----------------
+
+The Doctrine Console is a Command Line Interface tool for simplifying common
+administration tasks during the development of a project that uses ORM.
+
+Take a look at the :doc:`Installation and Configuration <configuration>`
+chapter for more information how to setup the console command.
+
+Display Help Information
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Type ``php vendor/bin/doctrine`` on the command line and you should see an
+overview of the available commands or use the --help flag to get
+information on the available commands. If you want to know more
+about the use of generate entities for example, you can call:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $> php vendor/bin/doctrine orm:generate-entities --help
+
+
+Configuration
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Whenever the ``doctrine`` command line tool is invoked, it can
+access all Commands that were registered by a developer. There is no
+auto-detection mechanism at work. The Doctrine binary
+already registers all the commands that currently ship with
+Doctrine DBAL and ORM. If you want to use additional commands you
+have to register them yourself.
+
+All the commands of the Doctrine Console require access to the
+``EntityManager``. You have to inject it into the console application with
+``ConsoleRunner::createHelperSet``. Whenever you invoke the Doctrine
+binary, it searches the current directory for the file ``cli-config.php``.
+This file contains the project-specific configuration.
+
+Here is an example of a the project-specific ``cli-config.php``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Console\ConsoleRunner;
+
+    // replace this with the path to your own project bootstrap file.
+    require_once 'bootstrap.php';
+
+    // replace with mechanism to retrieve EntityManager in your app
+    $entityManager = GetEntityManager();
+
+    return ConsoleRunner::createHelperSet($entityManager);
+
+.. note::
+
+    You have to adjust this snippet for your specific application or framework
+    and use their facilities to access the Doctrine EntityManager and
+    Connection Resources.
+
+Command Overview
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The following Commands are currently available:
+
+
+-  ``help`` Displays help for a command (?)
+-  ``list`` Lists commands
+-  ``dbal:import`` Import SQL file(s) directly to Database.
+-  ``dbal:run-sql`` Executes arbitrary SQL directly from the
+   command line.
+-  ``orm:clear-cache:metadata`` Clear all metadata cache of the
+   various cache drivers.
+-  ``orm:clear-cache:query`` Clear all query cache of the various
+   cache drivers.
+-  ``orm:clear-cache:result`` Clear result cache of the various
+   cache drivers.
+-  ``orm:convert-d1-schema`` Converts Doctrine 1.X schema into a
+   Doctrine 2.X schema.
+-  ``orm:convert-mapping`` Convert mapping information between
+   supported formats.
+-  ``orm:ensure-production-settings`` Verify that Doctrine is
+   properly configured for a production environment.
+-  ``orm:generate-entities`` Generate entity classes and method
+   stubs from your mapping information.
+-  ``orm:generate-proxies`` Generates proxy classes for entity
+   classes.
+-  ``orm:generate-repositories`` Generate repository classes from
+   your mapping information.
+-  ``orm:run-dql`` Executes arbitrary DQL directly from the command
+   line.
+-  ``orm:schema-tool:create`` Processes the schema and either
+   create it directly on EntityManager Storage Connection or generate
+   the SQL output.
+-  ``orm:schema-tool:drop`` Processes the schema and either drop
+   the database schema of EntityManager Storage Connection or generate
+   the SQL output.
+-  ``orm:schema-tool:update`` Processes the schema and either
+   update the database schema of EntityManager Storage Connection or
+   generate the SQL output.
+
+For these commands are also available aliases:
+
+
+-  ``orm:convert:d1-schema`` is alias for ``orm:convert-d1-schema``.
+-  ``orm:convert:mapping`` is alias for ``orm:convert-mapping``.
+-  ``orm:generate:entities`` is alias for ``orm:generate-entities``.
+-  ``orm:generate:proxies`` is alias for ``orm:generate-proxies``.
+-  ``orm:generate:repositories`` is alias for ``orm:generate-repositories``.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Console also supports auto completion, for example, instead of
+    ``orm:clear-cache:query`` you can use just ``o:c:q``.
+
+Database Schema Generation
+--------------------------
+
+.. note::
+
+    SchemaTool can do harm to your database. It will drop or alter
+    tables, indexes, sequences and such. Please use this tool with
+    caution in development and not on a production server. It is meant
+    for helping you develop your Database Schema, but NOT with
+    migrating schema from A to B in production. A safe approach would
+    be generating the SQL on development server and saving it into SQL
+    Migration files that are executed manually on the production
+    server.
+
+    SchemaTool assumes your Doctrine Project uses the given database on
+    its own. Update and Drop commands will mess with other tables if
+    they are not related to the current project that is using Doctrine.
+    Please be careful!
+
+
+To generate your database schema from your Doctrine mapping files
+you can use the ``SchemaTool`` class or the ``schema-tool`` Console
+Command.
+
+When using the SchemaTool class directly, create your schema using
+the ``createSchema()`` method. First create an instance of the
+``SchemaTool`` and pass it an instance of the ``EntityManager``
+that you want to use to create the schema. This method receives an
+array of ``ClassMetadataInfo`` instances.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $tool = new \Doctrine\ORM\Tools\SchemaTool($em);
+    $classes = array(
+      $em->getClassMetadata('Entities\User'),
+      $em->getClassMetadata('Entities\Profile')
+    );
+    $tool->createSchema($classes);
+
+To drop the schema you can use the ``dropSchema()`` method.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $tool->dropSchema($classes);
+
+This drops all the tables that are currently used by your metadata
+model. When you are changing your metadata a lot during development
+you might want to drop the complete database instead of only the
+tables of the current model to clean up with orphaned tables.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $tool->dropSchema($classes, \Doctrine\ORM\Tools\SchemaTool::DROP_DATABASE);
+
+You can also use database introspection to update your schema
+easily with the ``updateSchema()`` method. It will compare your
+existing database schema to the passed array of
+``ClassMetadataInfo`` instances.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $tool->updateSchema($classes);
+
+If you want to use this functionality from the command line you can
+use the ``schema-tool`` command.
+
+To create the schema use the ``create`` command:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $ php doctrine orm:schema-tool:create
+
+To drop the schema use the ``drop`` command:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $ php doctrine orm:schema-tool:drop
+
+If you want to drop and then recreate the schema then use both
+options:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $ php doctrine orm:schema-tool:drop
+    $ php doctrine orm:schema-tool:create
+
+As you would think, if you want to update your schema use the
+``update`` command:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $ php doctrine orm:schema-tool:update
+
+All of the above commands also accept a ``--dump-sql`` option that
+will output the SQL for the ran operation.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $ php doctrine orm:schema-tool:create --dump-sql
+
+Before using the orm:schema-tool commands, remember to configure
+your cli-config.php properly.
+
+Entity Generation
+-----------------
+
+Generate entity classes and method stubs from your mapping information.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $ php doctrine orm:generate-entities
+    $ php doctrine orm:generate-entities --update-entities
+    $ php doctrine orm:generate-entities --regenerate-entities
+
+This command is not suited for constant usage. It is a little helper and does
+not support all the mapping edge cases very well. You still have to put work
+in your entities after using this command.
+
+It is possible to use the EntityGenerator on code that you have already written. It will
+not be lost. The EntityGenerator will only append new code to your
+file and will not delete the old code. However this approach may still be prone
+to error and we suggest you use code repositories such as GIT or SVN to make
+backups of your code.
+
+It makes sense to generate the entity code if you are using entities as Data
+Access Objects only and don't put much additional logic on them. If you are
+however putting much more logic on the entities you should refrain from using
+the entity-generator and code your entities manually.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Even if you specified Inheritance options in your
+    XML or YAML Mapping files the generator cannot generate the base and
+    child classes for you correctly, because it doesn't know which
+    class is supposed to extend which. You have to adjust the entity
+    code manually for inheritance to work!
+
+
+Convert Mapping Information
+---------------------------
+
+Convert mapping information between supported formats.
+
+This is an **execute one-time** command. It should not be necessary for
+you to call this method multiple times, especially when using the ``--from-database``
+flag.
+
+Converting an existing database schema into mapping files only solves about 70-80%
+of the necessary mapping information. Additionally the detection from an existing
+database cannot detect inverse associations, inheritance types,
+entities with foreign keys as primary keys and many of the
+semantical operations on associations such as cascade.
+
+.. note::
+
+    There is no need to convert YAML or XML mapping files to annotations
+    every time you make changes. All mapping drivers are first class citizens
+    in Doctrine 2 and can be used as runtime mapping for the ORM. See the
+    docs on XML and YAML Mapping for an example how to register this metadata
+    drivers as primary mapping source.
+
+To convert some mapping information between the various supported
+formats you can use the ``ClassMetadataExporter`` to get exporter
+instances for the different formats:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $cme = new \Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Export\ClassMetadataExporter();
+
+Once you have a instance you can use it to get an exporter. For
+example, the yml exporter:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $exporter = $cme->getExporter('yml', '/path/to/export/yml');
+
+Now you can export some ``ClassMetadata`` instances:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $classes = array(
+      $em->getClassMetadata('Entities\User'),
+      $em->getClassMetadata('Entities\Profile')
+    );
+    $exporter->setMetadata($classes);
+    $exporter->export();
+
+This functionality is also available from the command line to
+convert your loaded mapping information to another format. The
+``orm:convert-mapping`` command accepts two arguments, the type to
+convert to and the path to generate it:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $ php doctrine orm:convert-mapping xml /path/to/mapping-path-converted-to-xml
+
+Reverse Engineering
+-------------------
+
+You can use the ``DatabaseDriver`` to reverse engineer a database
+to an array of ``ClassMetadataInfo`` instances and generate YAML,
+XML, etc. from them.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Reverse Engineering is a **one-time** process that can get you started with a project.
+    Converting an existing database schema into mapping files only detects about 70-80%
+    of the necessary mapping information. Additionally the detection from an existing
+    database cannot detect inverse associations, inheritance types,
+    entities with foreign keys as primary keys and many of the
+    semantical operations on associations such as cascade.
+
+First you need to retrieve the metadata instances with the
+``DatabaseDriver``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $em->getConfiguration()->setMetadataDriverImpl(
+        new \Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\DatabaseDriver(
+            $em->getConnection()->getSchemaManager()
+        )
+    );
+
+    $cmf = new \Doctrine\ORM\Tools\DisconnectedClassMetadataFactory();
+    $cmf->setEntityManager($em);
+    $metadata = $cmf->getAllMetadata();
+
+Now you can get an exporter instance and export the loaded metadata
+to yml:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $cme = new \Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Export\ClassMetadataExporter();
+    $exporter = $cme->getExporter('yml', '/path/to/export/yml');
+    $exporter->setMetadata($metadata);
+    $exporter->export();
+
+You can also reverse engineer a database using the
+``orm:convert-mapping`` command:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    $ php doctrine orm:convert-mapping --from-database yml /path/to/mapping-path-converted-to-yml
+
+.. note::
+
+    Reverse Engineering is not always working perfectly
+    depending on special cases. It will only detect Many-To-One
+    relations (even if they are One-To-One) and will try to create
+    entities from Many-To-Many tables. It also has problems with naming
+    of foreign keys that have multiple column names. Any Reverse
+    Engineered Database-Schema needs considerable manual work to become
+    a useful domain model.
+
+
+Runtime vs Development Mapping Validation
+-----------------------------------------
+
+For performance reasons Doctrine ORM has to skip some of the
+necessary validation of metadata mappings. You have to execute
+this validation in your development workflow to verify the
+associations are correctly defined.
+
+You can either use the Doctrine Command Line Tool:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    doctrine orm:validate-schema
+
+Or you can trigger the validation manually:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Tools\SchemaValidator;
+
+    $validator = new SchemaValidator($entityManager);
+    $errors = $validator->validateMapping();
+
+    if (count($errors) > 0) {
+        // Lots of errors!
+        echo implode("\n\n", $errors);
+    }
+
+If the mapping is invalid the errors array contains a positive
+number of elements with error messages.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    One mapping option that is not validated is the use of the referenced column name.
+    It has to point to the equivalent primary key otherwise Doctrine will not work.
+
+.. note::
+
+    One common error is to use a backlash in front of the
+    fully-qualified class-name. Whenever a FQCN is represented inside a
+    string (such as in your mapping definitions) you have to drop the
+    prefix backslash. PHP does this with ``get_class()`` or Reflection
+    methods for backwards compatibility reasons.
+
+
+Adding own commands
+-------------------
+
+You can also add your own commands on-top of the Doctrine supported
+tools if you are using a manually built console script.
+
+To include a new command on Doctrine Console, you need to do modify the
+``doctrine.php`` file a little:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // doctrine.php
+    use Symfony\Component\Console\Application;
+
+    // as before ...
+
+    // replace the ConsoleRunner::run() statement with:
+    $cli = new Application('Doctrine Command Line Interface', \Doctrine\ORM\Version::VERSION);
+    $cli->setCatchExceptions(true);
+    $cli->setHelperSet($helperSet);
+
+    // Register All Doctrine Commands
+    ConsoleRunner::addCommands($cli);
+
+    // Register your own command
+    $cli->addCommand(new \MyProject\Tools\Console\Commands\MyCustomCommand);
+
+    // Runs console application
+    $cli->run();
+
+Additionally, include multiple commands (and overriding previously
+defined ones) is possible through the command:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    $cli->addCommands(array(
+        new \MyProject\Tools\Console\Commands\MyCustomCommand(),
+        new \MyProject\Tools\Console\Commands\SomethingCommand(),
+        new \MyProject\Tools\Console\Commands\AnotherCommand(),
+        new \MyProject\Tools\Console\Commands\OneMoreCommand(),
+    ));
+
+
+Re-use console application
+--------------------------
+
+You are also able to retrieve and re-use the default console application.
+Just call ``ConsoleRunner::createApplication(...)`` with an appropriate
+HelperSet, like it is described in the configuration section.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    // Retrieve default console application
+    $cli = ConsoleRunner::createApplication($helperSet);
+
+    // Runs console application
+    $cli->run();

docs/en/reference/transactions-and-concurrency.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+Transactions and Concurrency
+============================
+
+.. _transactions-and-concurrency_transaction-demarcation:
+
+Transaction Demarcation
+-----------------------
+
+Transaction demarcation is the task of defining your transaction
+boundaries. Proper transaction demarcation is very important
+because if not done properly it can negatively affect the
+performance of your application. Many databases and database
+abstraction layers like PDO by default operate in auto-commit mode,
+which means that every single SQL statement is wrapped in a small
+transaction. Without any explicit transaction demarcation from your
+side, this quickly results in poor performance because transactions
+are not cheap.
+
+For the most part, Doctrine ORM already takes care of proper
+transaction demarcation for you: All the write operations
+(INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE) are queued until ``EntityManager#flush()``
+is invoked which wraps all of these changes in a single
+transaction.
+
+However, Doctrine ORM also allows (and encourages) you to take over
+and control transaction demarcation yourself.
+
+These are two ways to deal with transactions when using the
+Doctrine ORM and are now described in more detail.
+
+.. _transactions-and-concurrency_approach-implicitly:
+
+Approach 1: Implicitly
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The first approach is to use the implicit transaction handling
+provided by the Doctrine ORM EntityManager. Given the following
+code snippet, without any explicit transaction demarcation:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $em instanceof EntityManager
+    $user = new User;
+    $user->setName('George');
+    $em->persist($user);
+    $em->flush();
+
+Since we do not do any custom transaction demarcation in the above
+code, ``EntityManager#flush()`` will begin and commit/rollback a
+transaction. This behavior is made possible by the aggregation of
+the DML operations by the Doctrine ORM and is sufficient if all the
+data manipulation that is part of a unit of work happens through
+the domain model and thus the ORM.
+
+.. _transactions-and-concurrency_approach-explicitly:
+
+Approach 2: Explicitly
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The explicit alternative is to use the ``Doctrine\DBAL\Connection``
+API directly to control the transaction boundaries. The code then
+looks like this:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $em instanceof EntityManager
+    $em->getConnection()->beginTransaction(); // suspend auto-commit
+    try {
+        // ... do some work
+        $user = new User;
+        $user->setName('George');
+        $em->persist($user);
+        $em->flush();
+        $em->getConnection()->commit();
+    } catch (Exception $e) {
+        $em->getConnection()->rollBack();
+        throw $e;
+    }
+
+Explicit transaction demarcation is required when you want to
+include custom DBAL operations in a unit of work or when you want
+to make use of some methods of the ``EntityManager`` API that
+require an active transaction. Such methods will throw a
+``TransactionRequiredException`` to inform you of that
+requirement.
+
+A more convenient alternative for explicit transaction demarcation is the use
+of provided control abstractions in the form of
+``Connection#transactional($func)`` and ``EntityManager#transactional($func)``.
+When used, these control abstractions ensure that you never forget to rollback
+the transaction, in addition to the obvious code reduction. An example that is
+functionally equivalent to the previously shown code looks as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $em instanceof EntityManager
+    $em->transactional(function($em) {
+        // ... do some work
+        $user = new User;
+        $user->setName('George');
+        $em->persist($user);
+    });
+
+.. warning::
+
+    For historical reasons, ``EntityManager#transactional($func)`` will return
+    ``true`` whenever the return value of ``$func`` is loosely false.
+    Some examples of this include ``array()``, ``"0"``, ``""``, ``0``, and
+    ``null``.
+
+The difference between ``Connection#transactional($func)`` and
+``EntityManager#transactional($func)`` is that the latter
+abstraction flushes the ``EntityManager`` prior to transaction
+commit and rolls back the transaction when an
+exception occurs.
+
+.. _transactions-and-concurrency_exception-handling:
+
+Exception Handling
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When using implicit transaction demarcation and an exception occurs
+during ``EntityManager#flush()``, the transaction is automatically
+rolled back and the ``EntityManager`` closed.
+
+When using explicit transaction demarcation and an exception
+occurs, the transaction should be rolled back immediately and the
+``EntityManager`` closed by invoking ``EntityManager#close()`` and
+subsequently discarded, as demonstrated in the example above. This
+can be handled elegantly by the control abstractions shown earlier.
+Note that when catching ``Exception`` you should generally re-throw
+the exception. If you intend to recover from some exceptions, catch
+them explicitly in earlier catch blocks (but do not forget to
+rollback the transaction and close the ``EntityManager`` there as
+well). All other best practices of exception handling apply
+similarly (i.e. either log or re-throw, not both, etc.).
+
+As a result of this procedure, all previously managed or removed
+instances of the ``EntityManager`` become detached. The state of
+the detached objects will be the state at the point at which the
+transaction was rolled back. The state of the objects is in no way
+rolled back and thus the objects are now out of synch with the
+database. The application can continue to use the detached objects,
+knowing that their state is potentially no longer accurate.
+
+If you intend to start another unit of work after an exception has
+occurred you should do that with a new ``EntityManager``.
+
+.. _transactions-and-concurrency_locking-support:
+
+Locking Support
+---------------
+
+Doctrine ORM offers support for Pessimistic- and Optimistic-locking
+strategies natively. This allows to take very fine-grained control
+over what kind of locking is required for your Entities in your
+application.
+
+.. _transactions-and-concurrency_optimistic-locking:
+
+Optimistic Locking
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Database transactions are fine for concurrency control during a
+single request. However, a database transaction should not span
+across requests, the so-called "user think time". Therefore a
+long-running "business transaction" that spans multiple requests
+needs to involve several database transactions. Thus, database
+transactions alone can no longer control concurrency during such a
+long-running business transaction. Concurrency control becomes the
+partial responsibility of the application itself.
+
+Doctrine has integrated support for automatic optimistic locking
+via a version field. In this approach any entity that should be
+protected against concurrent modifications during long-running
+business transactions gets a version field that is either a simple
+number (mapping type: integer) or a timestamp (mapping type:
+datetime). When changes to such an entity are persisted at the end
+of a long-running conversation the version of the entity is
+compared to the version in the database and if they don't match, an
+``OptimisticLockException`` is thrown, indicating that the entity
+has been modified by someone else already.
+
+You designate a version field in an entity as follows. In this
+example we'll use an integer.
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        class User
+        {
+            // ...
+            /** @Version @Column(type="integer") */
+            private $version;
+            // ...
+        }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+          <entity name="User">
+            <field name="version" type="integer" version="true" />
+          </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        User:
+          type: entity
+          fields:
+            version:
+              type: integer
+              version: true
+
+Alternatively a datetime type can be used (which maps to a SQL
+timestamp or datetime):
+
+.. configuration-block::
+
+    .. code-block:: php
+
+        <?php
+        class User
+        {
+            // ...
+            /** @Version @Column(type="datetime") */
+            private $version;
+            // ...
+        }
+
+    .. code-block:: xml
+
+        <doctrine-mapping>
+          <entity name="User">
+            <field name="version" type="datetime" version="true" />
+          </entity>
+        </doctrine-mapping>
+
+    .. code-block:: yaml
+
+        User:
+          type: entity
+          fields:
+            version:
+              type: datetime
+              version: true
+
+Version numbers (not timestamps) should however be preferred as
+they can not potentially conflict in a highly concurrent
+environment, unlike timestamps where this is a possibility,
+depending on the resolution of the timestamp on the particular
+database platform.
+
+When a version conflict is encountered during
+``EntityManager#flush()``, an ``OptimisticLockException`` is thrown
+and the active transaction rolled back (or marked for rollback).
+This exception can be caught and handled. Potential responses to an
+OptimisticLockException are to present the conflict to the user or
+to refresh or reload objects in a new transaction and then retrying
+the transaction.
+
+With PHP promoting a share-nothing architecture, the time between
+showing an update form and actually modifying the entity can in the
+worst scenario be as long as your applications session timeout. If
+changes happen to the entity in that time frame you want to know
+directly when retrieving the entity that you will hit an optimistic
+locking exception:
+
+You can always verify the version of an entity during a request
+either when calling ``EntityManager#find()``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode;
+    use Doctrine\ORM\OptimisticLockException;
+    
+    $theEntityId = 1;
+    $expectedVersion = 184;
+    
+    try {
+        $entity = $em->find('User', $theEntityId, LockMode::OPTIMISTIC, $expectedVersion);
+    
+        // do the work
+    
+        $em->flush();
+    } catch(OptimisticLockException $e) {
+        echo "Sorry, but someone else has already changed this entity. Please apply the changes again!";
+    }
+
+Or you can use ``EntityManager#lock()`` to find out:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode;
+    use Doctrine\ORM\OptimisticLockException;
+    
+    $theEntityId = 1;
+    $expectedVersion = 184;
+    
+    $entity = $em->find('User', $theEntityId);
+    
+    try {
+        // assert version
+        $em->lock($entity, LockMode::OPTIMISTIC, $expectedVersion);
+    
+    } catch(OptimisticLockException $e) {
+        echo "Sorry, but someone else has already changed this entity. Please apply the changes again!";
+    }
+
+Important Implementation Notes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+You can easily get the optimistic locking workflow wrong if you
+compare the wrong versions. Say you have Alice and Bob editing a
+hypothetical blog post:
+
+-  Alice reads the headline of the blog post being "Foo", at
+   optimistic lock version 1 (GET Request)
+-  Bob reads the headline of the blog post being "Foo", at
+   optimistic lock version 1 (GET Request)
+-  Bob updates the headline to "Bar", upgrading the optimistic lock
+   version to 2 (POST Request of a Form)
+-  Alice updates the headline to "Baz", ... (POST Request of a
+   Form)
+
+Now at the last stage of this scenario the blog post has to be read
+again from the database before Alice's headline can be applied. At
+this point you will want to check if the blog post is still at
+version 1 (which it is not in this scenario).
+
+Using optimistic locking correctly, you *have* to add the version
+as an additional hidden field (or into the SESSION for more
+safety). Otherwise you cannot verify the version is still the one
+being originally read from the database when Alice performed her
+GET request for the blog post. If this happens you might see lost
+updates you wanted to prevent with Optimistic Locking.
+
+See the example code, The form (GET Request):
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $post = $em->find('BlogPost', 123456);
+    
+    echo '<input type="hidden" name="id" value="' . $post->getId() . '" />';
+    echo '<input type="hidden" name="version" value="' . $post->getCurrentVersion() . '" />';
+
+And the change headline action (POST Request):
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $postId = (int)$_GET['id'];
+    $postVersion = (int)$_GET['version'];
+    
+    $post = $em->find('BlogPost', $postId, \Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::OPTIMISTIC, $postVersion);
+
+.. _transactions-and-concurrency_pessimistic-locking:
+
+Pessimistic Locking
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Doctrine ORM supports Pessimistic Locking at the database level. No
+attempt is being made to implement pessimistic locking inside
+Doctrine, rather vendor-specific and ANSI-SQL commands are used to
+acquire row-level locks. Every Entity can be part of a pessimistic
+lock, there is no special metadata required to use this feature.
+
+However for Pessimistic Locking to work you have to disable the
+Auto-Commit Mode of your Database and start a transaction around
+your pessimistic lock use-case using the "Approach 2: Explicit
+Transaction Demarcation" described above. Doctrine ORM will throw an
+Exception if you attempt to acquire an pessimistic lock and no
+transaction is running.
+
+Doctrine ORM currently supports two pessimistic lock modes:
+
+
+-  Pessimistic Write
+   (``Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_WRITE``), locks the
+   underlying database rows for concurrent Read and Write Operations.
+-  Pessimistic Read (``Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_READ``),
+   locks other concurrent requests that attempt to update or lock rows
+   in write mode.
+
+You can use pessimistic locks in three different scenarios:
+
+
+1. Using
+   ``EntityManager#find($className, $id, \Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_WRITE)``
+   or
+   ``EntityManager#find($className, $id, \Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_READ)``
+2. Using
+   ``EntityManager#lock($entity, \Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_WRITE)``
+   or
+   ``EntityManager#lock($entity, \Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_READ)``
+3. Using
+   ``Query#setLockMode(\Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_WRITE)``
+   or
+   ``Query#setLockMode(\Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_READ)``
+
+

docs/en/reference/unitofwork-associations.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+Association Updates: Owning Side and Inverse Side
+=================================================
+
+When mapping bidirectional associations it is important to
+understand the concept of the owning and inverse sides. The
+following general rules apply:
+
+-  Relationships may be bidirectional or unidirectional.
+-  A bidirectional relationship has both an owning side and an inverse side
+-  A unidirectional relationship only has an owning side.
+-  Doctrine will **only** check the owning side of an association for changes.
+
+Bidirectional Associations
+--------------------------
+
+The following rules apply to **bidirectional** associations:
+
+- The inverse side has to have the ``mappedBy`` attribute of the OneToOne,
+  OneToMany, or ManyToMany mapping declaration. The ``mappedBy``
+  attribute contains the name of the association-field on the owning side.
+- The owning side has to have the ``inversedBy`` attribute of the
+  OneToOne, ManyToOne, or ManyToMany mapping declaration.
+  The ``inversedBy`` attribute contains the name of the association-field
+  on the inverse-side.
+- ManyToOne is always the owning side of a bidirectional association.
+- OneToMany is always the inverse side of a bidirectional association.
+- The owning side of a OneToOne association is the entity with the table
+  containing the foreign key.
+- You can pick the owning side of a many-to-many association yourself.
+
+Important concepts
+------------------
+
+**Doctrine will only check the owning side of an association for changes.**
+
+To fully understand this, remember how bidirectional associations
+are maintained in the object world. There are 2 references on each
+side of the association and these 2 references both represent the
+same association but can change independently of one another. Of
+course, in a correct application the semantics of the bidirectional
+association are properly maintained by the application developer
+(that's their responsibility). Doctrine needs to know which of these
+two in-memory references is the one that should be persisted and
+which not. This is what the owning/inverse concept is mainly used
+for.
+
+**Changes made only to the inverse side of an association are ignored. Make sure to update both sides of a bidirectional association (or at least the owning side, from Doctrine's point of view)**
+
+The owning side of a bidirectional association is the side Doctrine
+"looks at" when determining the state of the association, and
+consequently whether there is anything to do to update the
+association in the database.
+
+.. note::
+
+    "Owning side" and "inverse side" are technical concepts of
+    the ORM technology, not concepts of your domain model. What you
+    consider as the owning side in your domain model can be different
+    from what the owning side is for Doctrine. These are unrelated.
+

docs/en/reference/unitofwork.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+Doctrine Internals explained
+============================
+
+Object relational mapping is a complex topic and sufficiently understanding how Doctrine works internally helps you use its full power.
+
+How Doctrine keeps track of Objects
+-----------------------------------
+
+Doctrine uses the Identity Map pattern to track objects. Whenever you fetch an
+object from the database, Doctrine will keep a reference to this object inside
+its UnitOfWork. The array holding all the entity references is two-levels deep
+and has the keys "root entity name" and "id". Since Doctrine allows composite
+keys the id is a sorted, serialized version of all the key columns.
+
+This allows Doctrine room for optimizations. If you call the EntityManager and
+ask for an entity with a specific ID twice, it will return the same instance:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    public function testIdentityMap()
+    {
+        $objectA = $this->entityManager->find('EntityName', 1);
+        $objectB = $this->entityManager->find('EntityName', 1);
+
+        $this->assertSame($objectA, $objectB)
+    }
+
+Only one SELECT query will be fired against the database here. In the second
+``EntityManager#find()`` call Doctrine will check the identity map first and
+doesn't need to make that database roundtrip.
+
+Even if you get a proxy object first then fetch the object by the same id you
+will still end up with the same reference:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    public function testIdentityMapReference()
+    {
+        $objectA = $this->entityManager->getReference('EntityName', 1);
+        // check for proxyinterface
+        $this->assertInstanceOf('Doctrine\ORM\Proxy\Proxy', $objectA);
+
+        $objectB = $this->entityManager->find('EntityName', 1);
+
+        $this->assertSame($objectA, $objectB)
+    }
+
+The identity map being indexed by primary keys only allows shortcuts when you
+ask for objects by primary key. Assume you have the following ``persons``
+table:
+
+::
+
+    id | name
+    -------------
+    1  | Benjamin
+    2  | Bud
+
+Take the following example where two
+consecutive calls are made against a repository to fetch an entity by a set of
+criteria:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    public function testIdentityMapRepositoryFindBy()
+    {
+        $repository = $this->entityManager->getRepository('Person');
+        $objectA = $repository->findOneBy(array('name' => 'Benjamin'));
+        $objectB = $repository->findOneBy(array('name' => 'Benjamin'));
+
+        $this->assertSame($objectA, $objectB);
+    }
+
+This query will still return the same references and `$objectA` and `$objectB`
+are indeed referencing the same object. However when checking your SQL logs you
+will realize that two queries have been executed against the database. Doctrine
+only knows objects by id, so a query for different criteria has to go to the
+database, even if it was executed just before.
+
+But instead of creating a second Person object Doctrine first gets the primary
+key from the row and check if it already has an object inside the UnitOfWork
+with that primary key. In our example it finds an object and decides to return
+this instead of creating a new one.
+
+The identity map has a second use-case. When you call ``EntityManager#flush``
+Doctrine will ask the identity map for all objects that are currently managed.
+This means you don't have to call ``EntityManager#persist`` over and over again
+to pass known objects to the EntityManager. This is a NO-OP for known entities,
+but leads to much code written that is confusing to other developers.
+
+The following code WILL update your database with the changes made to the
+``Person`` object, even if you did not call ``EntityManager#persist``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $user = $entityManager->find("Person", 1);
+    $user->setName("Guilherme");
+    $entityManager->flush();
+
+How Doctrine Detects Changes
+----------------------------
+
+Doctrine is a data-mapper that tries to achieve persistence-ignorance (PI).
+This means you map php objects into a relational database that don't
+necessarily know about the database at all. A natural question would now be,
+"how does Doctrine even detect objects have changed?". 
+
+For this Doctrine keeps a second map inside the UnitOfWork. Whenever you fetch
+an object from the database Doctrine will keep a copy of all the properties and
+associations inside the UnitOfWork. Because variables in the PHP language are
+subject to "copy-on-write" the memory usage of a PHP request that only reads
+objects from the database is the same as if Doctrine did not keep this variable
+copy. Only if you start changing variables PHP will create new variables internally
+that consume new memory.
+
+Now whenever you call ``EntityManager#flush`` Doctrine will iterate over the
+Identity Map and for each object compares the original property and association
+values with the values that are currently set on the object. If changes are
+detected then the object is queued for a SQL UPDATE operation. Only the fields
+that actually changed are updated.
+
+This process has an obvious performance impact. The larger the size of the
+UnitOfWork is, the longer this computation takes. There are several ways to
+optimize the performance of the Flush Operation:
+
+- Mark entities as read only. These entities can only be inserted or removed,
+  but are never updated. They are omitted in the changeset calculation.
+- Temporarily mark entities as read only. If you have a very large UnitOfWork
+  but know that a large set of entities has not changed, just mark them as read
+  only with ``$entityManager->getUnitOfWork()->markReadOnly($entity)``.
+- Flush only a single entity with ``$entityManager->flush($entity)``.
+- Use :doc:`Change Tracking Policies <change-tracking-policies>` to use more
+  explicit strategies of notifying the UnitOfWork what objects/properties
+  changed.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Flush only a single entity with ``$entityManager->flush($entity)`` is deprecated and will be removed in ORM 3.0.
+    (`Details <https://github.com/doctrine/orm/issues/8459>`_)
+
+Query Internals
+---------------
+
+The different ORM Layers
+------------------------
+
+Doctrine ships with a set of layers with different responsibilities. This
+section gives a short explanation of each layer.
+
+Hydration
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+Responsible for creating a final result from a raw database statement and a
+result-set mapping object. The developer can choose which kind of result they
+wish to be hydrated. Default result-types include:
+
+- SQL to Entities
+- SQL to structured Arrays
+- SQL to simple scalar result arrays
+- SQL to a single result variable
+
+Hydration to entities and arrays is one of the most complex parts of Doctrine
+algorithm-wise. It can build results with for example:
+
+- Single table selects
+- Joins with n:1 or 1:n cardinality, grouping belonging to the same parent.
+- Mixed results of objects and scalar values
+- Hydration of results by a given scalar value as key.
+
+Persisters
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+tbr
+
+UnitOfWork
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+tbr
+
+ResultSetMapping
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+tbr
+
+DQL Parser
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+tbr
+
+SQLWalker
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+tbr
+
+EntityManager
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+tbr
+
+ClassMetadataFactory
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+tbr
+

docs/en/reference/working-with-associations.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,728 @@
+Working with Associations
+=========================
+
+Associations between entities are represented just like in regular
+object-oriented PHP code using references to other objects or
+collections of objects.
+
+Changes to associations in your code are not synchronized to the
+database directly, only when calling ``EntityManager#flush()``.
+
+There are other concepts you should know about when working
+with associations in Doctrine:
+
+-  If an entity is removed from a collection, the association is
+   removed, not the entity itself. A collection of entities always
+   only represents the association to the containing entities, not the
+   entity itself.
+-  When a bidirectional association is updated, Doctrine only checks
+   on one of both sides for these changes. This is called the :doc:`owning side <unitofwork-associations>`
+   of the association.
+-  A property with a reference to many entities has to be instances of the
+   ``Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection`` interface.
+
+Association Example Entities
+----------------------------
+
+We will use a simple comment system with Users and Comments as
+entities to show examples of association management. See the PHP
+docblocks of each association in the following example for
+information about its type and if it's the owning or inverse side.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /** @Entity */
+    class User
+    {
+        /** @Id @GeneratedValue @Column(type="string") */
+        private $id;
+    
+        /**
+         * Bidirectional - Many users have Many favorite comments (OWNING SIDE)
+         *
+         * @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Comment", inversedBy="userFavorites")
+         * @JoinTable(name="user_favorite_comments")
+         */
+        private $favorites;
+    
+        /**
+         * Unidirectional - Many users have marked many comments as read
+         *
+         * @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Comment")
+         * @JoinTable(name="user_read_comments")
+         */
+        private $commentsRead;
+    
+        /**
+         * Bidirectional - One-To-Many (INVERSE SIDE)
+         *
+         * @OneToMany(targetEntity="Comment", mappedBy="author")
+         */
+        private $commentsAuthored;
+    
+        /**
+         * Unidirectional - Many-To-One
+         *
+         * @ManyToOne(targetEntity="Comment")
+         */
+        private $firstComment;
+    }
+    
+    /** @Entity */
+    class Comment
+    {
+        /** @Id @GeneratedValue @Column(type="string") */
+        private $id;
+    
+        /**
+         * Bidirectional - Many comments are favorited by many users (INVERSE SIDE)
+         *
+         * @ManyToMany(targetEntity="User", mappedBy="favorites")
+         */
+        private $userFavorites;
+    
+        /**
+         * Bidirectional - Many Comments are authored by one user (OWNING SIDE)
+         *
+         * @ManyToOne(targetEntity="User", inversedBy="commentsAuthored")
+         */
+         private $author;
+    }
+
+This two entities generate the following MySQL Schema (Foreign Key
+definitions omitted):
+
+.. code-block:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE User (
+        id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
+        firstComment_id VARCHAR(255) DEFAULT NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY(id)
+    ) ENGINE = InnoDB;
+    
+    CREATE TABLE Comment (
+        id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
+        author_id VARCHAR(255) DEFAULT NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY(id)
+    ) ENGINE = InnoDB;
+    
+    CREATE TABLE user_favorite_comments (
+        user_id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
+        favorite_comment_id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY(user_id, favorite_comment_id)
+    ) ENGINE = InnoDB;
+    
+    CREATE TABLE user_read_comments (
+        user_id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
+        comment_id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY(user_id, comment_id)
+    ) ENGINE = InnoDB;
+
+Establishing Associations
+-------------------------
+
+Establishing an association between two entities is
+straight-forward. Here are some examples for the unidirectional
+relations of the ``User``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class User
+    {
+        // ...
+        public function getReadComments() {
+             return $this->commentsRead;
+        }
+    
+        public function setFirstComment(Comment $c) {
+            $this->firstComment = $c;
+        }
+    }
+
+The interaction code would then look like in the following snippet
+(``$em`` here is an instance of the EntityManager):
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $user = $em->find('User', $userId);
+    
+    // unidirectional many to many
+    $comment = $em->find('Comment', $readCommentId);
+    $user->getReadComments()->add($comment);
+    
+    $em->flush();
+    
+    // unidirectional many to one
+    $myFirstComment = new Comment();
+    $user->setFirstComment($myFirstComment);
+    
+    $em->persist($myFirstComment);
+    $em->flush();
+
+In the case of bi-directional associations you have to update the
+fields on both sides:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class User
+    {
+        // ..
+    
+        public function getAuthoredComments() {
+            return $this->commentsAuthored;
+        }
+    
+        public function getFavoriteComments() {
+            return $this->favorites;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    class Comment
+    {
+        // ...
+    
+        public function getUserFavorites() {
+            return $this->userFavorites;
+        }
+    
+        public function setAuthor(User $author = null) {
+            $this->author = $author;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // Many-to-Many
+    $user->getFavorites()->add($favoriteComment);
+    $favoriteComment->getUserFavorites()->add($user);
+    
+    $em->flush();
+    
+    // Many-To-One / One-To-Many Bidirectional
+    $newComment = new Comment();
+    $user->getAuthoredComments()->add($newComment);
+    $newComment->setAuthor($user);
+    
+    $em->persist($newComment);
+    $em->flush();
+
+Notice how always both sides of the bidirectional association are
+updated. The previous unidirectional associations were simpler to
+handle.
+
+Removing Associations
+---------------------
+
+Removing an association between two entities is similarly
+straight-forward. There are two strategies to do so, by key and by
+element. Here are some examples:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // Remove by Elements
+    $user->getComments()->removeElement($comment);
+    $comment->setAuthor(null);
+    
+    $user->getFavorites()->removeElement($comment);
+    $comment->getUserFavorites()->removeElement($user);
+    
+    // Remove by Key
+    $user->getComments()->remove($ithComment);
+    $comment->setAuthor(null);
+
+You need to call ``$em->flush()`` to make persist these changes in
+the database permanently.
+
+Notice how both sides of the bidirectional association are always
+updated. Unidirectional associations are consequently simpler to
+handle.
+
+Also note that if you use type-hinting in your methods, you will 
+have to specify a nullable type, i.e. ``setAddress(?Address $address)``,
+otherwise ``setAddress(null)`` will fail to remove the association.
+Another way to deal with this is to provide a special method, like
+``removeAddress()``. This can also provide better encapsulation as
+it hides the internal meaning of not having an address.
+
+When working with collections, keep in mind that a Collection is
+essentially an ordered map (just like a PHP array). That is why the
+``remove`` operation accepts an index/key. ``removeElement`` is a
+separate method that has O(n) complexity using ``array_search``,
+where n is the size of the map.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Since Doctrine always only looks at the owning side of a
+    bidirectional association for updates, it is not necessary for
+    write operations that an inverse collection of a bidirectional
+    one-to-many or many-to-many association is updated. This knowledge
+    can often be used to improve performance by avoiding the loading of
+    the inverse collection.
+
+
+You can also clear the contents of a whole collection using the
+``Collections::clear()`` method. You should be aware that using
+this method can lead to a straight and optimized database delete or
+update call during the flush operation that is not aware of
+entities that have been re-added to the collection.
+
+Say you clear a collection of tags by calling
+``$post->getTags()->clear();`` and then call
+``$post->getTags()->add($tag)``. This will not recognize the tag having 
+already been added previously and will consequently issue two separate database 
+calls.
+
+Association Management Methods
+------------------------------
+
+It is generally a good idea to encapsulate proper association
+management inside the entity classes. This makes it easier to use
+the class correctly and can encapsulate details about how the
+association is maintained.
+
+The following code shows updates to the previous User and Comment
+example that encapsulate much of the association management code:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class User
+    {
+        // ...
+        public function markCommentRead(Comment $comment) {
+            // Collections implement ArrayAccess
+            $this->commentsRead[] = $comment;
+        }
+    
+        public function addComment(Comment $comment) {
+            if (count($this->commentsAuthored) == 0) {
+                $this->setFirstComment($comment);
+            }
+            $this->comments[] = $comment;
+            $comment->setAuthor($this);
+        }
+    
+        private function setFirstComment(Comment $c) {
+            $this->firstComment = $c;
+        }
+    
+        public function addFavorite(Comment $comment) {
+            $this->favorites->add($comment);
+            $comment->addUserFavorite($this);
+        }
+    
+        public function removeFavorite(Comment $comment) {
+            $this->favorites->removeElement($comment);
+            $comment->removeUserFavorite($this);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    class Comment
+    {
+        // ..
+    
+        public function addUserFavorite(User $user) {
+            $this->userFavorites[] = $user;
+        }
+    
+        public function removeUserFavorite(User $user) {
+            $this->userFavorites->removeElement($user);
+        }
+    }
+
+You will notice that ``addUserFavorite`` and ``removeUserFavorite``
+do not call ``addFavorite`` and ``removeFavorite``, thus the
+bidirectional association is strictly-speaking still incomplete.
+However if you would naively add the ``addFavorite`` in
+``addUserFavorite``, you end up with an infinite loop, so more work
+is needed. As you can see, proper bidirectional association
+management in plain OOP is a non-trivial task and encapsulating all
+the details inside the classes can be challenging.
+
+.. note::
+
+    If you want to make sure that your collections are perfectly
+    encapsulated you should not return them from a
+    ``getCollectionName()`` method directly, but call
+    ``$collection->toArray()``. This way a client programmer for the
+    entity cannot circumvent the logic you implement on your entity for
+    association management. For example:
+
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class User {
+        public function getReadComments() {
+            return $this->commentsRead->toArray();
+        }
+    }
+
+This will however always initialize the collection, with all the
+performance penalties given the size. In some scenarios of large
+collections it might even be a good idea to completely hide the
+read access behind methods on the EntityRepository.
+
+There is no single, best way for association management. It greatly
+depends on the requirements of your concrete domain model as well
+as your preferences.
+
+Synchronizing Bidirectional Collections
+---------------------------------------
+
+In the case of Many-To-Many associations you as the developer have the 
+responsibility of keeping the collections on the owning and inverse side
+in sync when you apply changes to them. Doctrine can only
+guarantee a consistent state for the hydration, not for your client
+code.
+
+Using the User-Comment entities from above, a very simple example
+can show the possible caveats you can encounter:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $user->getFavorites()->add($favoriteComment);
+    // not calling $favoriteComment->getUserFavorites()->add($user);
+    
+    $user->getFavorites()->contains($favoriteComment); // TRUE
+    $favoriteComment->getUserFavorites()->contains($user); // FALSE
+
+There are two approaches to handle this problem in your code:
+
+
+1. Ignore updating the inverse side of bidirectional collections,
+   BUT never read from them in requests that changed their state. In
+   the next request Doctrine hydrates the consistent collection state
+   again.
+2. Always keep the bidirectional collections in sync through
+   association management methods. Reads of the Collections directly
+   after changes are consistent then.
+
+.. _transitive-persistence:
+
+Transitive persistence / Cascade Operations
+-------------------------------------------
+
+Doctrine ORM provides a mechanism for transitive persistence through cascading of certain operations.
+Each association to another entity or a collection of
+entities can be configured to automatically cascade the following operations to the associated entities:
+``persist``, ``remove``, ``merge``, ``detach``, ``refresh`` or ``all``.
+
+The main use case for ``cascade: persist`` is to avoid "exposing" associated entities to your PHP application.
+Continuing with the User-Comment example of this chapter, this is how the creation of a new user and a new
+comment might look like in your controller (without ``cascade: persist``):
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $user = new User();
+    $myFirstComment = new Comment();
+    $user->addComment($myFirstComment);
+    
+    $em->persist($user);
+    $em->persist($myFirstComment); // required, if `cascade: persist` is not set
+    $em->flush();
+
+Note that the Comment entity is instantiated right here in the controller.
+To avoid this, ``cascade: persist`` allows you to "hide" the Comment entity from the controller,
+only accessing it through the User entity:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // User entity
+    class User
+    {
+        private $id;
+        private $comments;
+
+        public function __construct()
+        {
+            $this->id = User::new();
+            $this->comments = new ArrayCollection();
+        }
+
+        public function comment(string $text, DateTimeInterface $time) : void
+        {
+            $newComment = Comment::create($text, $time);
+            $newComment->setUser($this);
+            $this->comments->add($newComment);
+        }
+
+        // ...
+    }
+
+If you then set up the cascading to the ``User#commentsAuthored`` property...
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class User
+    {
+        // ...
+        /**
+         * Bidirectional - One-To-Many (INVERSE SIDE)
+         *
+         * @OneToMany(targetEntity="Comment", mappedBy="author", cascade={"persist", "remove"})
+         */
+        private $commentsAuthored;
+        // ...
+    }
+
+...you can now create a user and an associated comment like this:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $user = new User();
+    $user->comment('Lorem ipsum', new DateTime());
+    
+    $em->persist($user);
+    $em->flush();
+
+.. note::
+
+    The idea of ``cascade: persist`` is not to save you any lines of code in the controller.
+    If you instantiate the comment object in the controller (i.e. don't set up the user entity as shown above),
+    even with ``cascade: persist`` you still have to call ``$myFirstComment->setUser($user);``.
+
+Thanks to ``cascade: remove``, you can easily delete a user and all linked comments without having to loop through them:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $user = $em->find('User', $deleteUserId);
+
+    $em->remove($user);
+    $em->flush();
+
+.. note::
+
+    Cascade operations are performed in memory. That means collections and related entities
+    are fetched into memory (even if they are marked as lazy) when
+    the cascade operation is about to be performed. This approach allows
+    entity lifecycle events to be performed for each of these operations.
+
+    However, pulling object graphs into memory on cascade can cause considerable performance
+    overhead, especially when the cascaded collections are large. Make sure
+    to weigh the benefits and downsides of each cascade operation that you define.
+
+    To rely on the database level cascade operations for the delete operation instead, you can
+    configure each join column with :doc:`the onDelete option <working-with-objects>`.
+
+Even though automatic cascading is convenient, it should be used
+with care. Do not blindly apply ``cascade=all`` to all associations as
+it will unnecessarily degrade the performance of your application.
+For each cascade operation that gets activated, Doctrine also
+applies that operation to the association, be it single or
+collection valued.
+
+Persistence by Reachability: Cascade Persist
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+There are additional semantics that apply to the Cascade Persist
+operation. During each ``flush()`` operation Doctrine detects if there
+are new entities in any collection and three possible cases can
+happen:
+
+
+1. New entities in a collection marked as ``cascade: persist`` will be
+   directly persisted by Doctrine.
+2. New entities in a collection not marked as ``cascade: persist`` will
+   produce an Exception and rollback the ``flush()`` operation.
+3. Collections without new entities are skipped.
+
+This concept is called Persistence by Reachability: New entities
+that are found on already managed entities are automatically
+persisted as long as the association is defined as ``cascade: persist``.
+
+Orphan Removal
+--------------
+
+There is another concept of cascading that is relevant only when removing entities
+from collections. If an Entity of type ``A`` contains references to privately
+owned Entities ``B`` then if the reference from ``A`` to ``B`` is removed the
+entity ``B`` should also be removed, because it is not used anymore.
+
+OrphanRemoval works with one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many associations.
+
+.. note::
+
+    When using the ``orphanRemoval=true`` option Doctrine makes the assumption
+    that the entities are privately owned and will **NOT** be reused by other entities.
+    If you neglect this assumption your entities will get deleted by Doctrine even if
+    you assigned the orphaned entity to another one.
+
+As a better example consider an Addressbook application where you have Contacts, Addresses
+and StandingData:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    namespace Addressbook;
+
+    use Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection;
+
+    /**
+     * @Entity
+     */
+    class Contact
+    {
+        /** @Id @Column(type="integer") @GeneratedValue */
+        private $id;
+
+        /** @OneToOne(targetEntity="StandingData", orphanRemoval=true) */
+        private $standingData;
+
+        /** @OneToMany(targetEntity="Address", mappedBy="contact", orphanRemoval=true) */
+        private $addresses;
+
+        public function __construct()
+        {
+            $this->addresses = new ArrayCollection();
+        }
+
+        public function newStandingData(StandingData $sd)
+        {
+            $this->standingData = $sd;
+        }
+
+        public function removeAddress($pos)
+        {
+            unset($this->addresses[$pos]);
+        }
+    }
+
+Now two examples of what happens when you remove the references:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    $contact = $em->find("Addressbook\Contact", $contactId);
+    $contact->newStandingData(new StandingData("Firstname", "Lastname", "Street"));
+    $contact->removeAddress(1);
+
+    $em->flush();
+
+In this case you have not only changed the ``Contact`` entity itself but 
+you have also removed the references for standing data and as well as one 
+address reference. When flush is called not only are the references removed 
+but both the old standing data and the one address entity are also deleted 
+from the database.
+
+.. _filtering-collections:
+
+Filtering Collections
+---------------------
+
+Collections have a filtering API that allows to slice parts of data from
+a collection. If the collection has not been loaded from the database yet,
+the filtering API can work on the SQL level to make optimized access to
+large collections.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    use Doctrine\Common\Collections\Criteria;
+
+    $group          = $entityManager->find('Group', $groupId);
+    $userCollection = $group->getUsers();
+
+    $criteria = Criteria::create()
+        ->where(Criteria::expr()->eq("birthday", "1982-02-17"))
+        ->orderBy(array("username" => Criteria::ASC))
+        ->setFirstResult(0)
+        ->setMaxResults(20)
+    ;
+
+    $birthdayUsers = $userCollection->matching($criteria);
+
+.. tip::
+
+    You can move the access of slices of collections into dedicated methods of
+    an entity. For example ``Group#getTodaysBirthdayUsers()``.
+
+The Criteria has a limited matching language that works both on the
+SQL and on the PHP collection level. This means you can use collection matching
+interchangeably, independent of in-memory or sql-backed collections.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+
+    use Doctrine\Common\Collections;
+
+    class Criteria
+    {
+        /**
+         * @return Criteria
+         */
+        static public function create();
+        /**
+         * @param Expression $where
+         * @return Criteria
+         */
+        public function where(Expression $where);
+        /**
+         * @param Expression $where
+         * @return Criteria
+         */
+        public function andWhere(Expression $where);
+        /**
+         * @param Expression $where
+         * @return Criteria
+         */
+        public function orWhere(Expression $where);
+        /**
+         * @param array $orderings
+         * @return Criteria
+         */
+        public function orderBy(array $orderings);
+        /**
+         * @param int $firstResult
+         * @return Criteria
+         */
+        public function setFirstResult($firstResult);
+        /**
+         * @param int $maxResults
+         * @return Criteria
+         */
+        public function setMaxResults($maxResults);
+        public function getOrderings();
+        public function getWhereExpression();
+        public function getFirstResult();
+        public function getMaxResults();
+    }
+
+You can build expressions through the ExpressionBuilder. It has the following
+methods:
+
+* ``andX($arg1, $arg2, ...)``
+* ``orX($arg1, $arg2, ...)``
+* ``eq($field, $value)``
+* ``gt($field, $value)``
+* ``lt($field, $value)``
+* ``lte($field, $value)``
+* ``gte($field, $value)``
+* ``neq($field, $value)``
+* ``isNull($field)``
+* ``in($field, array $values)``
+* ``notIn($field, array $values)``
+* ``contains($field, $value)``
+* ``memberOf($value, $field)``
+* ``startsWith($field, $value)``
+* ``endsWith($field, $value)``
+
+
+.. note::
+
+    There is a limitation on the compatibility of Criteria comparisons.
+    You have to use scalar values only as the value in a comparison or
+    the behaviour between different backends is not the same.

docs/en/reference/working-with-objects.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+Working with Objects
+====================
+
+In this chapter we will help you understand the ``EntityManager``
+and the ``UnitOfWork``. A Unit of Work is similar to an
+object-level transaction. A new Unit of Work is implicitly started
+when an EntityManager is initially created or after
+``EntityManager#flush()`` has been invoked. A Unit of Work is
+committed (and a new one started) by invoking
+``EntityManager#flush()``.
+
+A Unit of Work can be manually closed by calling
+EntityManager#close(). Any changes to objects within this Unit of
+Work that have not yet been persisted are lost.
+
+.. note::
+
+    It is very important to understand that only
+    ``EntityManager#flush()`` ever causes write operations against the
+    database to be executed. Any other methods such as
+    ``EntityManager#persist($entity)`` or
+    ``EntityManager#remove($entity)`` only notify the UnitOfWork to
+    perform these operations during flush.
+
+    Not calling ``EntityManager#flush()`` will lead to all changes
+    during that request being lost.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Doctrine does NEVER touch the public API of methods in your entity
+    classes (like getters and setters) nor the constructor method.
+    Instead, it uses reflection to get/set data from/to your entity objects.
+    When Doctrine fetches data from DB and saves it back,
+    any code put in your get/set methods won't be implicitly taken into account.
+
+Entities and the Identity Map
+-----------------------------
+
+Entities are objects with identity. Their identity has a conceptual
+meaning inside your domain. In a CMS application each article has a
+unique id. You can uniquely identify each article by that id.
+
+Take the following example, where you find an article with the
+headline "Hello World" with the ID 1234:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $article = $entityManager->find('CMS\Article', 1234);
+    $article->setHeadline('Hello World dude!');
+
+    $article2 = $entityManager->find('CMS\Article', 1234);
+    echo $article2->getHeadline();
+
+In this case the Article is accessed from the entity manager twice,
+but modified in between. Doctrine ORM realizes this and will only
+ever give you access to one instance of the Article with ID 1234,
+no matter how often do you retrieve it from the EntityManager and
+even no matter what kind of Query method you are using (find,
+Repository Finder or DQL). This is called "Identity Map" pattern,
+which means Doctrine keeps a map of each entity and ids that have
+been retrieved per PHP request and keeps returning you the same
+instances.
+
+In the previous example the echo prints "Hello World dude!" to the
+screen. You can even verify that ``$article`` and ``$article2`` are
+indeed pointing to the same instance by running the following
+code:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    if ($article === $article2) {
+        echo "Yes we are the same!";
+    }
+
+Sometimes you want to clear the identity map of an EntityManager to
+start over. We use this regularly in our unit-tests to enforce
+loading objects from the database again instead of serving them
+from the identity map. You can call ``EntityManager#clear()`` to
+achieve this result.
+
+Entity Object Graph Traversal
+-----------------------------
+
+Although Doctrine allows for a complete separation of your domain
+model (Entity classes) there will never be a situation where
+objects are "missing" when traversing associations. You can walk
+all the associations inside your entity models as deep as you
+want.
+
+Take the following example of a single ``Article`` entity fetched
+from newly opened EntityManager.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    /** @Entity */
+    class Article
+    {
+        /** @Id @Column(type="integer") @GeneratedValue */
+        private $id;
+
+        /** @Column(type="string") */
+        private $headline;
+
+        /** @ManyToOne(targetEntity="User") */
+        private $author;
+
+        /** @OneToMany(targetEntity="Comment", mappedBy="article") */
+        private $comments;
+
+        public function __construct()
+        {
+            $this->comments = new ArrayCollection();
+        }
+
+        public function getAuthor() { return $this->author; }
+        public function getComments() { return $this->comments; }
+    }
+
+    $article = $em->find('Article', 1);
+
+This code only retrieves the ``Article`` instance with id 1 executing
+a single SELECT statement against the articles table in the database.
+You can still access the associated properties author and comments
+and the associated objects they contain.
+
+This works by utilizing the lazy loading pattern. Instead of
+passing you back a real Author instance and a collection of
+comments Doctrine will create proxy instances for you. Only if you
+access these proxies for the first time they will go through the
+EntityManager and load their state from the database.
+
+This lazy-loading process happens behind the scenes, hidden from
+your code. See the following code:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $article = $em->find('Article', 1);
+
+    // accessing a method of the user instance triggers the lazy-load
+    echo "Author: " . $article->getAuthor()->getName() . "\n";
+
+    // Lazy Loading Proxies pass instanceof tests:
+    if ($article->getAuthor() instanceof User) {
+        // a User Proxy is a generated "UserProxy" class
+    }
+
+    // accessing the comments as an iterator triggers the lazy-load
+    // retrieving ALL the comments of this article from the database
+    // using a single SELECT statement
+    foreach ($article->getComments() as $comment) {
+        echo $comment->getText() . "\n\n";
+    }
+
+    // Article::$comments passes instanceof tests for the Collection interface
+    // But it will NOT pass for the ArrayCollection interface
+    if ($article->getComments() instanceof \Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection) {
+        echo "This will always be true!";
+    }
+
+A slice of the generated proxy classes code looks like the
+following piece of code. A real proxy class override ALL public
+methods along the lines of the ``getName()`` method shown below:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    class UserProxy extends User implements Proxy
+    {
+        private function _load()
+        {
+            // lazy loading code
+        }
+
+        public function getName()
+        {
+            $this->_load();
+            return parent::getName();
+        }
+        // .. other public methods of User
+    }
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Traversing the object graph for parts that are lazy-loaded will
+    easily trigger lots of SQL queries and will perform badly if used
+    to heavily. Make sure to use DQL to fetch-join all the parts of the
+    object-graph that you need as efficiently as possible.
+
+
+Persisting entities
+-------------------
+
+An entity can be made persistent by passing it to the
+``EntityManager#persist($entity)`` method. By applying the persist
+operation on some entity, that entity becomes MANAGED, which means
+that its persistence is from now on managed by an EntityManager. As
+a result the persistent state of such an entity will subsequently
+be properly synchronized with the database when
+``EntityManager#flush()`` is invoked.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Invoking the ``persist`` method on an entity does NOT
+    cause an immediate SQL INSERT to be issued on the database.
+    Doctrine applies a strategy called "transactional write-behind",
+    which means that it will delay most SQL commands until
+    ``EntityManager#flush()`` is invoked which will then issue all
+    necessary SQL statements to synchronize your objects with the
+    database in the most efficient way and a single, short transaction,
+    taking care of maintaining referential integrity.
+
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $user = new User;
+    $user->setName('Mr.Right');
+    $em->persist($user);
+    $em->flush();
+
+.. note::
+
+    Generated entity identifiers / primary keys are
+    guaranteed to be available after the next successful flush
+    operation that involves the entity in question. You can not rely on
+    a generated identifier to be available directly after invoking
+    ``persist``. The inverse is also true. You can not rely on a
+    generated identifier being not available after a failed flush
+    operation.
+
+
+The semantics of the persist operation, applied on an entity X, are
+as follows:
+
+
+-  If X is a new entity, it becomes managed. The entity X will be
+   entered into the database as a result of the flush operation.
+-  If X is a preexisting managed entity, it is ignored by the
+   persist operation. However, the persist operation is cascaded to
+   entities referenced by X, if the relationships from X to these
+   other entities are mapped with cascade=PERSIST or cascade=ALL (see
+   ":ref:`transitive-persistence`").
+-  If X is a removed entity, it becomes managed.
+-  If X is a detached entity, an exception will be thrown on
+   flush.
+
+.. caution::
+
+    Do not pass detached entities to the persist operation. The persist operation always
+    considers entities that are not yet known to the ``EntityManager`` as new entities
+    (refer to the ``STATE_NEW`` constant inside the ``UnitOfWork``).
+
+Removing entities
+-----------------
+
+An entity can be removed from persistent storage by passing it to
+the ``EntityManager#remove($entity)`` method. By applying the
+``remove`` operation on some entity, that entity becomes REMOVED,
+which means that its persistent state will be deleted once
+``EntityManager#flush()`` is invoked.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Just like ``persist``, invoking ``remove`` on an entity
+    does NOT cause an immediate SQL DELETE to be issued on the
+    database. The entity will be deleted on the next invocation of
+    ``EntityManager#flush()`` that involves that entity. This
+    means that entities scheduled for removal can still be queried
+    for and appear in query and collection results. See
+    the section on :ref:`Database and UnitOfWork Out-Of-Sync <workingobjects_database_uow_outofsync>`
+    for more information.
+
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $em->remove($user);
+    $em->flush();
+
+The semantics of the remove operation, applied to an entity X are
+as follows:
+
+
+-  If X is a new entity, it is ignored by the remove operation.
+   However, the remove operation is cascaded to entities referenced by
+   X, if the relationship from X to these other entities is mapped
+   with cascade=REMOVE or cascade=ALL (see ":ref:`transitive-persistence`").
+-  If X is a managed entity, the remove operation causes it to
+   become removed. The remove operation is cascaded to entities
+   referenced by X, if the relationships from X to these other
+   entities is mapped with cascade=REMOVE or cascade=ALL (see
+   ":ref:`transitive-persistence`").
+-  If X is a detached entity, an InvalidArgumentException will be
+   thrown.
+-  If X is a removed entity, it is ignored by the remove operation.
+-  A removed entity X will be removed from the database as a result
+   of the flush operation.
+
+After an entity has been removed its in-memory state is the same as
+before the removal, except for generated identifiers.
+
+Removing an entity will also automatically delete any existing
+records in many-to-many join tables that link this entity. The
+action taken depends on the value of the ``@joinColumn`` mapping
+attribute "onDelete". Either Doctrine issues a dedicated ``DELETE``
+statement for records of each join table or it depends on the
+foreign key semantics of onDelete="CASCADE".
+
+Deleting an object with all its associated objects can be achieved
+in multiple ways with very different performance impacts.
+
+
+1. If an association is marked as ``CASCADE=REMOVE`` Doctrine ORM
+   will fetch this association. If its a Single association it will
+   pass this entity to
+   ``EntityManager#remove()``. If the association is a collection, Doctrine will loop over all    its elements and pass them to``EntityManager#remove()``.
+   In both cases the cascade remove semantics are applied recursively.
+   For large object graphs this removal strategy can be very costly.
+2. Using a DQL ``DELETE`` statement allows you to delete multiple
+   entities of a type with a single command and without hydrating
+   these entities. This can be very efficient to delete large object
+   graphs from the database.
+3. Using foreign key semantics ``onDelete="CASCADE"`` can force the
+   database to remove all associated objects internally. This strategy
+   is a bit tricky to get right but can be very powerful and fast. You
+   should be aware however that using strategy 1 (``CASCADE=REMOVE``)
+   completely by-passes any foreign key ``onDelete=CASCADE`` option,
+   because Doctrine will fetch and remove all associated entities
+   explicitly nevertheless.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Calling ``remove`` on an entity will remove the object from the identity
+    map and therefore detach it. Querying the same entity again, for example 
+    via a lazy loaded relation, will return a new object. 
+
+
+Detaching entities
+------------------
+
+An entity is detached from an EntityManager and thus no longer
+managed by invoking the ``EntityManager#detach($entity)`` method on
+it or by cascading the detach operation to it. Changes made to the
+detached entity, if any (including removal of the entity), will not
+be synchronized to the database after the entity has been
+detached.
+
+Doctrine will not hold on to any references to a detached entity.
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $em->detach($entity);
+
+The semantics of the detach operation, applied to an entity X are
+as follows:
+
+
+-  If X is a managed entity, the detach operation causes it to
+   become detached. The detach operation is cascaded to entities
+   referenced by X, if the relationships from X to these other
+   entities is mapped with cascade=DETACH or cascade=ALL (see
+   ":ref:`transitive-persistence`"). Entities which previously referenced X
+   will continue to reference X.
+-  If X is a new or detached entity, it is ignored by the detach
+   operation.
+-  If X is a removed entity, the detach operation is cascaded to
+   entities referenced by X, if the relationships from X to these
+   other entities is mapped with cascade=DETACH or cascade=ALL (see
+   ":ref:`transitive-persistence`"). Entities which previously referenced X
+   will continue to reference X.
+
+There are several situations in which an entity is detached
+automatically without invoking the ``detach`` method:
+
+
+-  When ``EntityManager#clear()`` is invoked, all entities that are
+   currently managed by the EntityManager instance become detached.
+-  When serializing an entity. The entity retrieved upon subsequent
+   unserialization will be detached (This is the case for all entities
+   that are serialized and stored in some cache).
+
+The ``detach`` operation is usually not as frequently needed and
+used as ``persist`` and ``remove``.
+
+Merging entities
+----------------
+
+Merging entities refers to the merging of (usually detached)
+entities into the context of an EntityManager so that they become
+managed again. To merge the state of an entity into an
+EntityManager use the ``EntityManager#merge($entity)`` method. The
+state of the passed entity will be merged into a managed copy of
+this entity and this copy will subsequently be returned.
+
+Example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $detachedEntity = unserialize($serializedEntity); // some detached entity
+    $entity = $em->merge($detachedEntity);
+    // $entity now refers to the fully managed copy returned by the merge operation.
+    // The EntityManager $em now manages the persistence of $entity as usual.
+
+.. note::
+
+    When you want to serialize/unserialize entities you
+    have to make all entity properties protected, never private. The
+    reason for this is, if you serialize a class that was a proxy
+    instance before, the private variables won't be serialized and a
+    PHP Notice is thrown.
+
+
+The semantics of the merge operation, applied to an entity X, are
+as follows:
+
+
+-  If X is a detached entity, the state of X is copied onto a
+   pre-existing managed entity instance X' of the same identity.
+-  If X is a new entity instance, a new managed copy X' will be
+   created and the state of X is copied onto this managed instance.
+-  If X is a removed entity instance, an InvalidArgumentException
+   will be thrown.
+-  If X is a managed entity, it is ignored by the merge operation,
+   however, the merge operation is cascaded to entities referenced by
+   relationships from X if these relationships have been mapped with
+   the cascade element value MERGE or ALL (see ":ref:`transitive-persistence`").
+-  For all entities Y referenced by relationships from X having the
+   cascade element value MERGE or ALL, Y is merged recursively as Y'.
+   For all such Y referenced by X, X' is set to reference Y'. (Note
+   that if X is managed then X is the same object as X'.)
+-  If X is an entity merged to X', with a reference to another
+   entity Y, where cascade=MERGE or cascade=ALL is not specified, then
+   navigation of the same association from X' yields a reference to a
+   managed object Y' with the same persistent identity as Y.
+
+The ``merge`` operation will throw an ``OptimisticLockException``
+if the entity being merged uses optimistic locking through a
+version field and the versions of the entity being merged and the
+managed copy don't match. This usually means that the entity has
+been modified while being detached.
+
+The ``merge`` operation is usually not as frequently needed and
+used as ``persist`` and ``remove``. The most common scenario for
+the ``merge`` operation is to reattach entities to an EntityManager
+that come from some cache (and are therefore detached) and you want
+to modify and persist such an entity.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    If you need to perform multiple merges of entities that share certain subparts
+    of their object-graphs and cascade merge, then you have to call ``EntityManager#clear()`` between the
+    successive calls to ``EntityManager#merge()``. Otherwise you might end up with
+    multiple copies of the "same" object in the database, however with different ids.
+
+.. note::
+
+    If you load some detached entities from a cache and you do
+    not need to persist or delete them or otherwise make use of them
+    without the need for persistence services there is no need to use
+    ``merge``. I.e. you can simply pass detached objects from a cache
+    directly to the view.
+
+
+Synchronization with the Database
+---------------------------------
+
+The state of persistent entities is synchronized with the database
+on flush of an ``EntityManager`` which commits the underlying
+``UnitOfWork``. The synchronization involves writing any updates to
+persistent entities and their relationships to the database.
+Thereby bidirectional relationships are persisted based on the
+references held by the owning side of the relationship as explained
+in the Association Mapping chapter.
+
+When ``EntityManager#flush()`` is called, Doctrine inspects all
+managed, new and removed entities and will perform the following
+operations.
+
+.. _workingobjects_database_uow_outofsync:
+
+Effects of Database and UnitOfWork being Out-Of-Sync
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+As soon as you begin to change the state of entities, call persist or remove the
+contents of the UnitOfWork and the database will drive out of sync. They can
+only be synchronized by calling ``EntityManager#flush()``. This section
+describes the effects of database and UnitOfWork being out of sync.
+
+-  Entities that are scheduled for removal can still be queried from the database.
+   They are returned from DQL and Repository queries and are visible in collections.
+-  Entities that are passed to ``EntityManager#persist`` do not turn up in query
+   results.
+-  Entities that have changed will not be overwritten with the state from the database.
+   This is because the identity map will detect the construction of an already existing
+   entity and assumes its the most up to date version.
+
+``EntityManager#flush()`` is never called implicitly by Doctrine. You always have to trigger it manually.
+
+Synchronizing New and Managed Entities
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The flush operation applies to a managed entity with the following
+semantics:
+
+
+-  The entity itself is synchronized to the database using a SQL
+   UPDATE statement, only if at least one persistent field has
+   changed.
+-  No SQL updates are executed if the entity did not change.
+
+The flush operation applies to a new entity with the following
+semantics:
+
+
+-  The entity itself is synchronized to the database using a SQL
+   INSERT statement.
+
+For all (initialized) relationships of the new or managed entity
+the following semantics apply to each associated entity X:
+
+
+-  If X is new and persist operations are configured to cascade on
+   the relationship, X will be persisted.
+-  If X is new and no persist operations are configured to cascade
+   on the relationship, an exception will be thrown as this indicates
+   a programming error.
+-  If X is removed and persist operations are configured to cascade
+   on the relationship, an exception will be thrown as this indicates
+   a programming error (X would be re-persisted by the cascade).
+-  If X is detached and persist operations are configured to
+   cascade on the relationship, an exception will be thrown (This is
+   semantically the same as passing X to persist()).
+
+Synchronizing Removed Entities
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The flush operation applies to a removed entity by deleting its
+persistent state from the database. No cascade options are relevant
+for removed entities on flush, the cascade remove option is already
+executed during ``EntityManager#remove($entity)``.
+
+The size of a Unit of Work
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The size of a Unit of Work mainly refers to the number of managed
+entities at a particular point in time.
+
+The cost of flushing
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+How costly a flush operation is, mainly depends on two factors:
+
+
+-  The size of the EntityManager's current UnitOfWork.
+-  The configured change tracking policies
+
+You can get the size of a UnitOfWork as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $uowSize = $em->getUnitOfWork()->size();
+
+The size represents the number of managed entities in the Unit of
+Work. This size affects the performance of flush() operations due
+to change tracking (see "Change Tracking Policies") and, of course,
+memory consumption, so you may want to check it from time to time
+during development.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Do not invoke ``flush`` after every change to an entity
+    or every single invocation of persist/remove/merge/... This is an
+    anti-pattern and unnecessarily reduces the performance of your
+    application. Instead, form units of work that operate on your
+    objects and call ``flush`` when you are done. While serving a
+    single HTTP request there should be usually no need for invoking
+    ``flush`` more than 0-2 times.
+
+
+Direct access to a Unit of Work
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can get direct access to the Unit of Work by calling
+``EntityManager#getUnitOfWork()``. This will return the UnitOfWork
+instance the EntityManager is currently using.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $uow = $em->getUnitOfWork();
+
+.. note::
+
+    Directly manipulating a UnitOfWork is not recommended.
+    When working directly with the UnitOfWork API, respect methods
+    marked as INTERNAL by not using them and carefully read the API
+    documentation.
+
+
+Entity State
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+As outlined in the architecture overview an entity can be in one of
+four possible states: NEW, MANAGED, REMOVED, DETACHED. If you
+explicitly need to find out what the current state of an entity is
+in the context of a certain ``EntityManager`` you can ask the
+underlying ``UnitOfWork``:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    switch ($em->getUnitOfWork()->getEntityState($entity)) {
+        case UnitOfWork::STATE_MANAGED:
+            ...
+        case UnitOfWork::STATE_REMOVED:
+            ...
+        case UnitOfWork::STATE_DETACHED:
+            ...
+        case UnitOfWork::STATE_NEW:
+            ...
+    }
+
+An entity is in MANAGED state if it is associated with an
+``EntityManager`` and it is not REMOVED.
+
+An entity is in REMOVED state after it has been passed to
+``EntityManager#remove()`` until the next flush operation of the
+same EntityManager. A REMOVED entity is still associated with an
+``EntityManager`` until the next flush operation.
+
+An entity is in DETACHED state if it has persistent state and
+identity but is currently not associated with an
+``EntityManager``.
+
+An entity is in NEW state if has no persistent state and identity
+and is not associated with an ``EntityManager`` (for example those
+just created via the "new" operator).
+
+Querying
+--------
+
+Doctrine ORM provides the following ways, in increasing level of
+power and flexibility, to query for persistent objects. You should
+always start with the simplest one that suits your needs.
+
+By Primary Key
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The most basic way to query for a persistent object is by its
+identifier / primary key using the
+``EntityManager#find($entityName, $id)`` method. Here is an
+example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $em instanceof EntityManager
+    $user = $em->find('MyProject\Domain\User', $id);
+
+The return value is either the found entity instance or null if no
+instance could be found with the given identifier.
+
+Essentially, ``EntityManager#find()`` is just a shortcut for the
+following:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $em instanceof EntityManager
+    $user = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->find($id);
+
+``EntityManager#getRepository($entityName)`` returns a repository
+object which provides many ways to retrieve entities of the
+specified type. By default, the repository instance is of type
+``Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository``. You can also use custom
+repository classes as shown later.
+
+By Simple Conditions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+To query for one or more entities based on several conditions that
+form a logical conjunction, use the ``findBy`` and ``findOneBy``
+methods on a repository as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $em instanceof EntityManager
+
+    // All users that are 20 years old
+    $users = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->findBy(array('age' => 20));
+
+    // All users that are 20 years old and have a surname of 'Miller'
+    $users = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->findBy(array('age' => 20, 'surname' => 'Miller'));
+
+    // A single user by its nickname
+    $user = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->findOneBy(array('nickname' => 'romanb'));
+
+You can also load by owning side associations through the repository:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $number = $em->find('MyProject\Domain\Phonenumber', 1234);
+    $user = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->findOneBy(array('phone' => $number->getId()));
+
+The ``EntityRepository#findBy()`` method additionally accepts orderings, limit and offset as second to fourth parameters:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $tenUsers = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->findBy(array('age' => 20), array('name' => 'ASC'), 10, 0);
+
+If you pass an array of values Doctrine will convert the query into a WHERE field IN (..) query automatically:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $users = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->findBy(array('age' => array(20, 30, 40)));
+    // translates roughly to: SELECT * FROM users WHERE age IN (20, 30, 40)
+
+An EntityRepository also provides a mechanism for more concise
+calls through its use of ``__call``. Thus, the following two
+examples are equivalent:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // A single user by its nickname
+    $user = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->findOneBy(array('nickname' => 'romanb'));
+
+    // A single user by its nickname (__call magic)
+    $user = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->findOneByNickname('romanb');
+
+Additionally, you can just count the result of the provided conditions when you don't really need the data:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // Check there is no user with nickname
+    $availableNickname = 0 === $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->count(['nickname' => 'nonexistent']);
+
+By Criteria
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Repository implement the ``Doctrine\Common\Collections\Selectable``
+interface. That means you can build ``Doctrine\Common\Collections\Criteria``
+and pass them to the ``matching($criteria)`` method.
+
+See section `Filtering collections` of chapter :doc:`Working with Associations <working-with-associations>`
+
+By Eager Loading
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Whenever you query for an entity that has persistent associations
+and these associations are mapped as EAGER, they will automatically
+be loaded together with the entity being queried and is thus
+immediately available to your application.
+
+By Lazy Loading
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Whenever you have a managed entity instance at hand, you can
+traverse and use any associations of that entity that are
+configured LAZY as if they were in-memory already. Doctrine will
+automatically load the associated objects on demand through the
+concept of lazy-loading.
+
+By DQL
+~~~~~~
+
+The most powerful and flexible method to query for persistent
+objects is the Doctrine Query Language, an object query language.
+DQL enables you to query for persistent objects in the language of
+objects. DQL understands classes, fields, inheritance and
+associations. DQL is syntactically very similar to the familiar SQL
+but *it is not SQL*.
+
+A DQL query is represented by an instance of the
+``Doctrine\ORM\Query`` class. You create a query using
+``EntityManager#createQuery($dql)``. Here is a simple example:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $em instanceof EntityManager
+
+    // All users with an age between 20 and 30 (inclusive).
+    $q = $em->createQuery("select u from MyDomain\Model\User u where u.age >= 20 and u.age <= 30");
+    $users = $q->getResult();
+
+Note that this query contains no knowledge about the relational
+schema, only about the object model. DQL supports positional as
+well as named parameters, many functions, (fetch) joins,
+aggregates, subqueries and much more. Detailed information about
+DQL and its syntax as well as the Doctrine class can be found in
+:doc:`the dedicated chapter <dql-doctrine-query-language>`.
+For programmatically building up queries based on conditions that
+are only known at runtime, Doctrine provides the special
+``Doctrine\ORM\QueryBuilder`` class. While this a powerful tool,
+it also brings more complexity to your code compared to plain DQL,
+so you should only use it when you need it. More information on
+constructing queries with a QueryBuilder can be found
+:doc:`in Query Builder chapter <query-builder>`.
+
+By Native Queries
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+As an alternative to DQL or as a fallback for special SQL
+statements native queries can be used. Native queries are built by
+using a hand-crafted SQL query and a ResultSetMapping that
+describes how the SQL result set should be transformed by Doctrine.
+More information about native queries can be found in
+:doc:`the dedicated chapter <native-sql>`.
+
+Custom Repositories
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+By default the EntityManager returns a default implementation of
+``Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository`` when you call
+``EntityManager#getRepository($entityClass)``. You can overwrite
+this behaviour by specifying the class name of your own Entity
+Repository in the Annotation, XML or YAML metadata. In large
+applications that require lots of specialized DQL queries using a
+custom repository is one recommended way of grouping these queries
+in a central location.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    namespace MyDomain\Model;
+
+    use Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository;
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;
+
+    /**
+     * @ORM\Entity(repositoryClass="MyDomain\Model\UserRepository")
+     */
+    class User
+    {
+
+    }
+
+    class UserRepository extends EntityRepository
+    {
+        public function getAllAdminUsers()
+        {
+            return $this->_em->createQuery('SELECT u FROM MyDomain\Model\User u WHERE u.status = "admin"')
+                             ->getResult();
+        }
+    }
+
+You can access your repository now by calling:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    // $em instanceof EntityManager
+
+    $admins = $em->getRepository('MyDomain\Model\User')->getAllAdminUsers();
+
+

docs/en/reference/xml-mapping.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,780 @@
+XML Mapping
+===========
+
+The XML mapping driver enables you to provide the ORM metadata in
+form of XML documents.
+
+The XML driver is backed by an XML Schema document that describes
+the structure of a mapping document. The most recent version of the
+XML Schema document is available online at
+`https://www.doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd <https://www.doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd>`_.
+The most convenient way to work with
+XML mapping files is to use an IDE/editor that can provide
+code-completion based on such an XML Schema document. The following
+is an outline of a XML mapping document with the proper xmlns/xsi
+setup for the latest code in trunk.
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <doctrine-mapping xmlns="https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping"
+          xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+          xsi:schemaLocation="https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping
+                              https://www.doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd">
+
+        ...
+
+    </doctrine-mapping>
+
+The XML mapping document of a class is loaded on-demand the first
+time it is requested and subsequently stored in the metadata cache.
+In order to work, this requires certain conventions:
+
+
+-  Each entity/mapped superclass must get its own dedicated XML
+   mapping document.
+-  The name of the mapping document must consist of the fully
+   qualified name of the class, where namespace separators are
+   replaced by dots (.). For example an Entity with the fully
+   qualified class-name "MyProject" would require a mapping file
+   "MyProject.Entities.User.dcm.xml" unless the extension is changed.
+-  All mapping documents should get the extension ".dcm.xml" to
+   identify it as a Doctrine mapping file. This is more of a
+   convention and you are not forced to do this. You can change the
+   file extension easily enough.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $driver->setFileExtension('.xml');
+
+It is recommended to put all XML mapping documents in a single
+folder but you can spread the documents over several folders if you
+want to. In order to tell the XmlDriver where to look for your
+mapping documents, supply an array of paths as the first argument
+of the constructor, like this:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $config = new \Doctrine\ORM\Configuration();
+    $driver = new \Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\XmlDriver(array('/path/to/files1', '/path/to/files2'));
+    $config->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Note that Doctrine ORM does not modify any settings for ``libxml``,
+    therefore, external XML entities may or may not be enabled or
+    configured correctly.
+    XML mappings are not XXE/XEE attack vectors since they are not
+    related with user input, but it is recommended that you do not
+    use external XML entities in your mapping files to avoid running
+    into unexpected behaviour.
+
+Simplified XML Driver
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Symfony project sponsored a driver that simplifies usage of the XML Driver.
+The changes between the original driver are:
+
+1. File Extension is .orm.xml
+2. Filenames are shortened, "MyProject\Entities\User" will become User.orm.xml
+3. You can add a global file and add multiple entities in this file.
+
+Configuration of this client works a little bit different:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $namespaces = array(
+        '/path/to/files1' => 'MyProject\Entities',
+        '/path/to/files2' => 'OtherProject\Entities'
+    );
+    $driver = new \Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\SimplifiedXmlDriver($namespaces);
+    $driver->setGlobalBasename('global'); // global.orm.xml
+
+Example
+-------
+
+As a quick start, here is a small example document that makes use
+of several common elements:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    // Doctrine.Tests.ORM.Mapping.User.dcm.xml
+    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+    <doctrine-mapping xmlns="https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping"
+          xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+          xsi:schemaLocation="https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping
+                              https://www.doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd">
+
+        <entity name="Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping\User" table="cms_users">
+
+            <indexes>
+                <index name="name_idx" columns="name"/>
+                <index columns="user_email"/>
+            </indexes>
+
+            <unique-constraints>
+                <unique-constraint columns="name,user_email" name="search_idx" />
+            </unique-constraints>
+
+            <lifecycle-callbacks>
+                <lifecycle-callback type="prePersist" method="doStuffOnPrePersist"/>
+                <lifecycle-callback type="prePersist" method="doOtherStuffOnPrePersistToo"/>
+                <lifecycle-callback type="postPersist" method="doStuffOnPostPersist"/>
+            </lifecycle-callbacks>
+
+            <id name="id" type="integer" column="id">
+                <generator strategy="AUTO"/>
+                <sequence-generator sequence-name="tablename_seq" allocation-size="100" initial-value="1" />
+            </id>
+
+            <field name="name" column="name" type="string" length="50" nullable="true" unique="true" />
+            <field name="email" column="user_email" type="string" column-definition="CHAR(32) NOT NULL" />
+
+            <one-to-one field="address" target-entity="Address" inversed-by="user">
+                <cascade><cascade-remove /></cascade>
+                <join-column name="address_id" referenced-column-name="id" on-delete="CASCADE" on-update="CASCADE"/>
+            </one-to-one>
+
+            <one-to-many field="phonenumbers" target-entity="Phonenumber" mapped-by="user">
+                <cascade>
+                    <cascade-persist/>
+                </cascade>
+                <order-by>
+                    <order-by-field name="number" direction="ASC" />
+                </order-by>
+            </one-to-many>
+
+            <many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group">
+                <cascade>
+                    <cascade-all/>
+                </cascade>
+                <join-table name="cms_users_groups">
+                    <join-columns>
+                        <join-column name="user_id" referenced-column-name="id" nullable="false" unique="false" />
+                    </join-columns>
+                    <inverse-join-columns>
+                        <join-column name="group_id" referenced-column-name="id" column-definition="INT NULL" />
+                    </inverse-join-columns>
+                </join-table>
+            </many-to-many>
+
+        </entity>
+
+    </doctrine-mapping>
+
+Be aware that class-names specified in the XML files should be
+fully qualified.
+
+XML-Element Reference
+---------------------
+
+The XML-Element reference explains all the tags and attributes that
+the Doctrine Mapping XSD Schema defines. You should read the
+Basic-, Association- and Inheritance Mapping chapters to understand
+what each of this definitions means in detail.
+
+Defining an Entity
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Each XML Mapping File contains the definition of one entity,
+specified as the ``<entity />`` element as a direct child of the
+``<doctrine-mapping />`` element:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <doctrine-mapping>
+        <entity name="MyProject\User" table="cms_users" schema="schema_name" repository-class="MyProject\UserRepository">
+            <!-- definition here -->
+        </entity>
+    </doctrine-mapping>
+
+Required attributes:
+
+
+-  name - The fully qualified class-name of the entity.
+
+Optional attributes:
+
+
+-  **table** - The Table-Name to be used for this entity. Otherwise the
+   Unqualified Class-Name is used by default.
+-  **repository-class** - The fully qualified class-name of an
+   alternative ``Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository`` implementation to be
+   used with this entity.
+-  **inheritance-type** - The type of inheritance, defaults to none. A
+   more detailed description follows in the
+   *Defining Inheritance Mappings* section.
+-  **read-only** - Specifies that this entity is marked as read only and not
+   considered for change-tracking. Entities of this type can be persisted
+   and removed though.
+-  **schema** - The schema the table lies in, for platforms that support schemas
+
+Defining Fields
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Each entity class can contain zero to infinite fields that are
+managed by Doctrine. You can define them using the ``<field />``
+element as a children to the ``<entity />`` element. The field
+element is only used for primitive types that are not the ID of the
+entity. For the ID mapping you have to use the ``<id />`` element.
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity name="MyProject\User">
+
+        <field name="name" type="string" length="50" />
+        <field name="username" type="string" unique="true" />
+        <field name="age" type="integer" nullable="true" />
+        <field name="isActive" column="is_active" type="boolean" />
+        <field name="weight" type="decimal" scale="5" precision="2" />
+        <field name="login_count" type="integer" nullable="false">
+            <options>
+                <option name="comment">The number of times the user has logged in.</option>
+                <option name="default">0</option>
+            </options>
+        </field>
+    </entity>
+
+Required attributes:
+
+
+-  name - The name of the Property/Field on the given Entity PHP
+   class.
+
+Optional attributes:
+
+
+-  type - The ``Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type`` name, defaults to
+   "string"
+-  column - Name of the column in the database, defaults to the
+   field name.
+-  length - The length of the given type, for use with strings
+   only.
+-  unique - Should this field contain a unique value across the
+   table? Defaults to false.
+-  nullable - Should this field allow NULL as a value? Defaults to
+   false.
+-  version - Should this field be used for optimistic locking? Only
+   works on fields with type integer or datetime.
+-  scale - Scale of a decimal type.
+-  precision - Precision of a decimal type.
+-  options - Array of additional options:
+
+   -  default - The default value to set for the column if no value
+      is supplied.
+   -  unsigned - Boolean value to determine if the column should
+      be capable of representing only non-negative integers
+      (applies only for integer column and might not be supported by
+      all vendors).
+   -  fixed - Boolean value to determine if the specified length of
+      a string column should be fixed or varying (applies only for
+      string/binary column and might not be supported by all vendors).
+   -  comment - The comment of the column in the schema (might not
+      be supported by all vendors).
+   -  customSchemaOptions - Array of additional schema options
+      which are mostly vendor specific.
+-  column-definition - Optional alternative SQL representation for
+   this column. This definition begin after the field-name and has to
+   specify the complete column definition. Using this feature will
+   turn this field dirty for Schema-Tool update commands at all
+   times.
+
+.. note::
+
+    For more detailed information on each attribute, please refer to
+    the DBAL ``Schema-Representation`` documentation.
+
+Defining Identity and Generator Strategies
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+An entity has to have at least one ``<id />`` element. For
+composite keys you can specify more than one id-element, however
+surrogate keys are recommended for use with Doctrine ORM. The Id
+field allows to define properties of the identifier and allows a
+subset of the ``<field />`` element attributes:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity name="MyProject\User">
+        <id name="id" type="integer" column="user_id" />
+    </entity>
+
+Required attributes:
+
+
+-  name - The name of the Property/Field on the given Entity PHP
+   class.
+-  type - The ``Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type`` name, preferably
+   "string" or "integer".
+
+Optional attributes:
+
+
+-  column - Name of the column in the database, defaults to the
+   field name.
+
+Using the simplified definition above Doctrine will use no
+identifier strategy for this entity. That means you have to
+manually set the identifier before calling
+``EntityManager#persist($entity)``. This is the so called
+``NONE`` strategy.
+
+If you want to switch the identifier generation strategy you have
+to nest a ``<generator />`` element inside the id-element. This of
+course only works for surrogate keys. For composite keys you always
+have to use the ``NONE`` strategy.
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity name="MyProject\User">
+        <id name="id" type="integer" column="user_id">
+            <generator strategy="AUTO" />
+        </id>
+    </entity>
+
+The following values are allowed for the ``<generator />`` strategy
+attribute:
+
+
+-  AUTO - Automatic detection of the identifier strategy based on
+   the preferred solution of the database vendor.
+-  IDENTITY - Use of a IDENTIFY strategy such as Auto-Increment IDs
+   available to Doctrine AFTER the INSERT statement has been executed.
+-  SEQUENCE - Use of a database sequence to retrieve the
+   entity-ids. This is possible before the INSERT statement is
+   executed.
+
+If you are using the SEQUENCE strategy you can define an additional
+element to describe the sequence:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity name="MyProject\User">
+        <id name="id" type="integer" column="user_id">
+            <generator strategy="SEQUENCE" />
+            <sequence-generator sequence-name="user_seq" allocation-size="5" initial-value="1" />
+        </id>
+    </entity>
+
+Required attributes for ``<sequence-generator />``:
+
+
+-  sequence-name - The name of the sequence
+
+Optional attributes for ``<sequence-generator />``:
+
+
+-  allocation-size - By how much steps should the sequence be
+   incremented when a value is retrieved. Defaults to 1
+-  initial-value - What should the initial value of the sequence
+   be.
+
+    **NOTE**
+
+    If you want to implement a cross-vendor compatible application you
+    have to specify and additionally define the <sequence-generator />
+    element, if Doctrine chooses the sequence strategy for a
+    platform.
+
+
+Defining a Mapped Superclass
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Sometimes you want to define a class that multiple entities inherit
+from, which itself is not an entity however. The chapter on
+*Inheritance Mapping* describes a Mapped Superclass in detail. You
+can define it in XML using the ``<mapped-superclass />`` tag.
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <doctrine-mapping>
+        <mapped-superclass name="MyProject\BaseClass">
+            <field name="created" type="datetime" />
+            <field name="updated" type="datetime" />
+        </mapped-superclass>
+    </doctrine-mapping>
+
+Required attributes:
+
+
+-  name - Class name of the mapped superclass.
+
+You can nest any number of ``<field />`` and unidirectional
+``<many-to-one />`` or ``<one-to-one />`` associations inside a
+mapped superclass.
+
+Defining Inheritance Mappings
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+There are currently two inheritance persistence strategies that you
+can choose from when defining entities that inherit from each
+other. Single Table inheritance saves the fields of the complete
+inheritance hierarchy in a single table, joined table inheritance
+creates a table for each entity combining the fields using join
+conditions.
+
+You can specify the inheritance type in the ``<entity />`` element
+and then use the ``<discriminator-column />`` and
+``<discriminator-mapping />`` attributes.
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity name="MyProject\Animal" inheritance-type="JOINED">
+        <discriminator-column name="discr" type="string" />
+        <discriminator-map>
+            <discriminator-mapping value="cat" class="MyProject\Cat" />
+            <discriminator-mapping value="dog" class="MyProject\Dog" />
+            <discriminator-mapping value="mouse" class="MyProject\Mouse" />
+        </discriminator-map>
+    </entity>
+
+The allowed values for inheritance-type attribute are ``JOINED`` or
+``SINGLE_TABLE``.
+
+.. note::
+
+    All inheritance related definitions have to be defined on the root
+    entity of the hierarchy.
+
+
+Defining Lifecycle Callbacks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can define the lifecycle callback methods on your entities
+using the ``<lifecycle-callbacks />`` element:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity name="Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping\User" table="cms_users">
+
+        <lifecycle-callbacks>
+            <lifecycle-callback type="prePersist" method="onPrePersist" />
+        </lifecycle-callbacks>
+    </entity>
+
+Defining One-To-One Relations
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can define One-To-One Relations/Associations using the
+``<one-to-one />`` element. The required and optional attributes
+depend on the associations being on the inverse or owning side.
+
+For the inverse side the mapping is as simple as:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity class="MyProject\User">
+        <one-to-one field="address" target-entity="Address" mapped-by="user" />
+    </entity>
+
+Required attributes for inverse One-To-One:
+
+
+-  field - Name of the property/field on the entity's PHP class.
+-  target-entity - Name of the entity associated entity class. If
+   this is not qualified the namespace of the current class is
+   prepended. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
+-  mapped-by - Name of the field on the owning side (here Address
+   entity) that contains the owning side association.
+
+For the owning side this mapping would look like:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity class="MyProject\Address">
+        <one-to-one field="user" target-entity="User" inversed-by="address" />
+    </entity>
+
+Required attributes for owning One-to-One:
+
+
+-  field - Name of the property/field on the entity's PHP class.
+-  target-entity - Name of the entity associated entity class. If
+   this is not qualified the namespace of the current class is
+   prepended. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
+
+Optional attributes for owning One-to-One:
+
+
+-  inversed-by - If the association is bidirectional the
+   inversed-by attribute has to be specified with the name of the
+   field on the inverse entity that contains the back-reference.
+-  orphan-removal - If true, the inverse side entity is always
+   deleted when the owning side entity is. Defaults to false.
+-  fetch - Either LAZY or EAGER, defaults to LAZY. This attribute
+   makes only sense on the owning side, the inverse side *ALWAYS* has
+   to use the ``FETCH`` strategy.
+
+The definition for the owning side relies on a bunch of mapping
+defaults for the join column names. Without the nested
+``<join-column />`` element Doctrine assumes to foreign key to be
+called ``user_id`` on the Address Entities table. This is because
+the ``MyProject\Address`` entity is the owning side of this
+association, which means it contains the foreign key.
+
+The completed explicitly defined mapping is:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity class="MyProject\Address">
+        <one-to-one field="user" target-entity="User" inversed-by="address">
+            <join-column name="user_id" referenced-column-name="id" />
+        </one-to-one>
+    </entity>
+
+Defining Many-To-One Associations
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The many-to-one association is *ALWAYS* the owning side of any
+bidirectional association. This simplifies the mapping compared to
+the one-to-one case. The minimal mapping for this association looks
+like:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity class="MyProject\Article">
+        <many-to-one field="author" target-entity="User" />
+    </entity>
+
+Required attributes:
+
+
+-  field - Name of the property/field on the entity's PHP class.
+-  target-entity - Name of the entity associated entity class. If
+   this is not qualified the namespace of the current class is
+   prepended. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
+
+Optional attributes:
+
+
+-  inversed-by - If the association is bidirectional the
+   inversed-by attribute has to be specified with the name of the
+   field on the inverse entity that contains the back-reference.
+-  orphan-removal - If true the entity on the inverse side is
+   always deleted when the owning side entity is and it is not
+   connected to any other owning side entity anymore. Defaults to
+   false.
+-  fetch - Either LAZY or EAGER, defaults to LAZY.
+
+This definition relies on a bunch of mapping defaults with regards
+to the naming of the join-column/foreign key. The explicitly
+defined mapping includes a ``<join-column />`` tag nested inside
+the many-to-one association tag:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity class="MyProject\Article">
+        <many-to-one field="author" target-entity="User">
+            <join-column name="author_id" referenced-column-name="id" />
+        </many-to-one>
+    </entity>
+
+The join-column attribute ``name`` specifies the column name of the
+foreign key and the ``referenced-column-name`` attribute specifies
+the name of the primary key column on the User entity.
+
+Defining One-To-Many Associations
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The one-to-many association is *ALWAYS* the inverse side of any
+association. There exists no such thing as a uni-directional
+one-to-many association, which means this association only ever
+exists for bi-directional associations.
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity class="MyProject\User">
+        <one-to-many field="phonenumbers" target-entity="Phonenumber" mapped-by="user" />
+    </entity>
+
+Required attributes:
+
+
+-  field - Name of the property/field on the entity's PHP class.
+-  target-entity - Name of the entity associated entity class. If
+   this is not qualified the namespace of the current class is
+   prepended. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
+-  mapped-by - Name of the field on the owning side (here
+   Phonenumber entity) that contains the owning side association.
+
+Optional attributes:
+
+
+-  fetch - Either LAZY, EXTRA_LAZY or EAGER, defaults to LAZY.
+-  index-by: Index the collection by a field on the target entity.
+
+Defining Many-To-Many Associations
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+From all the associations the many-to-many has the most complex
+definition. When you rely on the mapping defaults you can omit many
+definitions and rely on their implicit values.
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity class="MyProject\User">
+        <many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group" />
+    </entity>
+
+Required attributes:
+
+
+-  field - Name of the property/field on the entity's PHP class.
+-  target-entity - Name of the entity associated entity class. If
+   this is not qualified the namespace of the current class is
+   prepended. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
+
+Optional attributes:
+
+
+-  mapped-by - Name of the field on the owning side that contains
+   the owning side association if the defined many-to-many association
+   is on the inverse side.
+-  inversed-by - If the association is bidirectional the
+   inversed-by attribute has to be specified with the name of the
+   field on the inverse entity that contains the back-reference.
+-  fetch - Either LAZY, EXTRA_LAZY or EAGER, defaults to LAZY.
+-  index-by: Index the collection by a field on the target entity.
+
+The mapping defaults would lead to a join-table with the name
+"User\_Group" being created that contains two columns "user\_id"
+and "group\_id". The explicit definition of this mapping would be:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity class="MyProject\User">
+        <many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group">
+            <join-table name="cms_users_groups">
+                <join-columns>
+                    <join-column name="user_id" referenced-column-name="id"/>
+                </join-columns>
+                <inverse-join-columns>
+                    <join-column name="group_id" referenced-column-name="id"/>
+                </inverse-join-columns>
+            </join-table>
+        </many-to-many>
+    </entity>
+
+Here both the ``<join-columns>`` and ``<inverse-join-columns>``
+tags are necessary to tell Doctrine for which side the specified
+join-columns apply. These are nested inside a ``<join-table />``
+attribute which allows to specify the table name of the
+many-to-many join-table.
+
+Cascade Element
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Doctrine allows cascading of several UnitOfWork operations to
+related entities. You can specify the cascade operations in the
+``<cascade />`` element inside any of the association mapping
+tags.
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity class="MyProject\User">
+        <many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group">
+            <cascade>
+                <cascade-all/>
+            </cascade>
+        </many-to-many>
+    </entity>
+
+Besides ``<cascade-all />`` the following operations can be
+specified by their respective tags:
+
+
+-  ``<cascade-persist />``
+-  ``<cascade-merge />``
+-  ``<cascade-remove />``
+-  ``<cascade-refresh />``
+
+Join Column Element
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+In any explicitly defined association mapping you will need the
+``<join-column />`` tag. It defines how the foreign key and primary
+key names are called that are used for joining two entities.
+
+Required attributes:
+
+
+-  name - The column name of the foreign key.
+-  referenced-column-name - The column name of the associated
+   entities primary key
+
+Optional attributes:
+
+
+-  unique - If the join column should contain a UNIQUE constraint.
+   This makes sense for Many-To-Many join-columns only to simulate a
+   one-to-many unidirectional using a join-table.
+-  nullable - should the join column be nullable, defaults to true.
+-  on-delete - Foreign Key Cascade action to perform when entity is
+   deleted, defaults to NO ACTION/RESTRICT but can be set to
+   "CASCADE".
+
+Defining Order of To-Many Associations
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can require one-to-many or many-to-many associations to be
+retrieved using an additional ``ORDER BY``.
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity class="MyProject\User">
+        <many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group">
+            <order-by>
+                <order-by-field name="name" direction="ASC" />
+            </order-by>
+        </many-to-many>
+    </entity>
+
+Defining Indexes or Unique Constraints
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+To define additional indexes or unique constraints on the entities
+table you can use the ``<indexes />`` and
+``<unique-constraints />`` elements:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <entity name="Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping\User" table="cms_users">
+
+        <indexes>
+            <index name="name_idx" columns="name"/>
+            <index columns="user_email"/>
+        </indexes>
+
+        <unique-constraints>
+            <unique-constraint columns="name,user_email" name="search_idx" />
+        </unique-constraints>
+    </entity>
+
+You have to specify the column and not the entity-class field names
+in the index and unique-constraint definitions.
+
+Derived Entities ID syntax
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If the primary key of an entity contains a foreign key to another entity we speak of a derived
+entity relationship. You can define this in XML with the "association-key" attribute in the ``<id>`` tag.
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <doctrine-mapping xmlns="https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping"
+          xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+          xsi:schemaLocation="https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping
+                              https://www.doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd">
+
+         <entity name="Application\Model\ArticleAttribute">
+            <id name="article" association-key="true" />
+            <id name="attribute" type="string" />
+
+            <field name="value" type="string" />
+
+            <many-to-one field="article" target-entity="Article" inversed-by="attributes" />
+         </entity>
+
+    </doctrine-mapping>

docs/en/reference/yaml-mapping.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+YAML Mapping
+============
+
+.. note::
+    The YAML driver is deprecated and will be removed in version 3.0.
+    It is strongly recommended to switch to one of the other mappings.
+
+The YAML mapping driver enables you to provide the ORM metadata in
+form of YAML documents.
+
+The YAML mapping document of a class is loaded on-demand the first
+time it is requested and subsequently stored in the metadata cache.
+In order to work, this requires certain conventions:
+
+
+-  Each entity/mapped superclass must get its own dedicated YAML
+   mapping document.
+-  The name of the mapping document must consist of the fully
+   qualified name of the class, where namespace separators are
+   replaced by dots (.).
+-  All mapping documents should get the extension ".dcm.yml" to
+   identify it as a Doctrine mapping file. This is more of a
+   convention and you are not forced to do this. You can change the
+   file extension easily enough.
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $driver->setFileExtension('.yml');
+
+It is recommended to put all YAML mapping documents in a single
+folder but you can spread the documents over several folders if you
+want to. In order to tell the YamlDriver where to look for your
+mapping documents, supply an array of paths as the first argument
+of the constructor, like this:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\YamlDriver;
+
+    // $config instanceof Doctrine\ORM\Configuration
+    $driver = new YamlDriver(array('/path/to/files'));
+    $config->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
+
+Simplified YAML Driver
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Symfony project sponsored a driver that simplifies usage of the YAML Driver.
+The changes between the original driver are:
+
+- File Extension is .orm.yml
+- Filenames are shortened, "MyProject\\Entities\\User" will become User.orm.yml
+- You can add a global file and add multiple entities in this file.
+
+Configuration of this client works a little bit different:
+
+.. code-block:: php
+
+    <?php
+    $namespaces = array(
+        '/path/to/files1' => 'MyProject\Entities',
+        '/path/to/files2' => 'OtherProject\Entities'
+    );
+    $driver = new \Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\SimplifiedYamlDriver($namespaces);
+    $driver->setGlobalBasename('global'); // global.orm.yml
+
+Example
+-------
+
+As a quick start, here is a small example document that makes use
+of several common elements:
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+    # Doctrine.Tests.ORM.Mapping.User.dcm.yml
+    Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping\User:
+      type: entity
+      repositoryClass: Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping\UserRepository
+      table: cms_users
+      schema: schema_name # The schema the table lies in, for platforms that support schemas (Optional, >= 2.5)
+      readOnly: true
+      indexes:
+        name_index:
+          columns: [ name ]
+      id:
+        id:
+          type: integer
+          generator:
+            strategy: AUTO
+      fields:
+        name:
+          type: string
+          length: 50
+        email:
+          type: string
+          length: 32
+          column: user_email
+          unique: true
+          options:
+            fixed: true
+            comment: User's email address
+        loginCount:
+          type: integer
+          column: login_count
+          nullable: false
+          options:
+            unsigned: true
+            default: 0
+      oneToOne:
+        address:
+          targetEntity: Address
+          joinColumn:
+            name: address_id
+            referencedColumnName: id
+            onDelete: CASCADE
+      oneToMany:
+        phonenumbers:
+          targetEntity: Phonenumber
+          mappedBy: user
+          cascade: ["persist", "merge"]
+      manyToMany:
+        groups:
+          targetEntity: Group
+          joinTable:
+            name: cms_users_groups
+            joinColumns:
+              user_id:
+                referencedColumnName: id
+            inverseJoinColumns:
+              group_id:
+                referencedColumnName: id
+      lifecycleCallbacks:
+        prePersist: [ doStuffOnPrePersist, doOtherStuffOnPrePersistToo ]
+        postPersist: [ doStuffOnPostPersist ]
+
+Be aware that class-names specified in the YAML files should be
+fully qualified.
+
+Reference
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Unique Constraints
+------------------
+
+It is possible to define unique constraints by the following declaration:
+
+.. code-block:: yaml
+
+    # ECommerceProduct.orm.yml
+    ECommerceProduct:
+      type: entity
+      fields:
+        # definition of some fields
+      uniqueConstraints:
+        search_idx:
+          columns: [ name, email ]
+

docs/en/sidebar.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+.. toc::
+
+   .. tocheader:: Tutorials
+
+   .. toctree::
+      :depth: 3
+
+      tutorials/getting-started
+      tutorials/getting-started-database
+      tutorials/getting-started-models
+      tutorials/working-with-indexed-associations
+      tutorials/extra-lazy-associations
+      tutorials/composite-primary-keys
+      tutorials/ordered-associations
+      tutorials/override-field-association-mappings-in-subclasses
+      tutorials/pagination
+      tutorials/embeddables
+
+.. toc::
+
+   .. tocheader:: Reference
+
+   .. toctree::
+      :depth: 3
+
+      reference/architecture
+      reference/configuration
+      reference/faq
+      reference/basic-mapping
+      reference/association-mapping
+      reference/inheritance-mapping
+      reference/working-with-objects
+      reference/working-with-associations
+      reference/events
+      reference/unitofwork
+      reference/unitofwork-associations
+      reference/transactions-and-concurrency
+      reference/batch-processing
+      reference/dql-doctrine-query-language
+      reference/query-builder
+      reference/native-sql
+      reference/change-tracking-policies
+      reference/partial-objects
+      reference/annotations-reference
+      reference/attributes-reference
+      reference/xml-mapping
+      reference/yaml-mapping
+      reference/php-mapping
+      reference/caching
+      reference/improving-performance
+      reference/tools
+      reference/metadata-drivers
+      reference/best-practices
+      reference/limitations-and-known-issues
+      tutorials/pagination
+      reference/filters
+      reference/namingstrategy
+      reference/advanced-configuration
+      reference/second-level-cache
+      reference/security
+
+.. toc::
+
+   .. tocheader:: Cookbook
+
+   .. toctree::
+      :depth: 3
+
+      cookbook/aggregate-fields
+      cookbook/custom-mapping-types
+      cookbook/decorator-pattern
+      cookbook/dql-custom-walkers
+      cookbook/dql-user-defined-functions
+      cookbook/implementing-arrayaccess-for-domain-objects
+      cookbook/implementing-the-notify-changetracking-policy
+      cookbook/implementing-wakeup-or-clone
+      cookbook/resolve-target-entity-listener
+      cookbook/sql-table-prefixes
+      cookbook/strategy-cookbook-introduction
+      cookbook/validation-of-entities
+      cookbook/working-with-datetime
+      cookbook/mysql-enums
+      cookbook/advanced-field-value-conversion-using-custom-mapping-types
+      cookbook/entities-in-session

docs/en/toc.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+Welcome to Doctrine 2 ORM's documentation!
+==========================================
+
+Tutorials
+---------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   tutorials/getting-started
+   tutorials/getting-started-database
+   tutorials/getting-started-models
+   tutorials/working-with-indexed-associations
+   tutorials/extra-lazy-associations
+   tutorials/composite-primary-keys
+   tutorials/ordered-associations
+   tutorials/override-field-association-mappings-in-subclasses
+   tutorials/pagination.rst
+   tutorials/embeddables.rst
+
+Reference Guide
+---------------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+   :numbered:
+
+   reference/architecture
+   reference/configuration.rst
+   reference/faq
+   reference/basic-mapping
+   reference/association-mapping
+   reference/inheritance-mapping
+   reference/working-with-objects
+   reference/working-with-associations
+   reference/events
+   reference/unitofwork
+   reference/unitofwork-associations
+   reference/transactions-and-concurrency
+   reference/batch-processing
+   reference/dql-doctrine-query-language
+   reference/query-builder
+   reference/native-sql
+   reference/change-tracking-policies
+   reference/partial-objects
+   reference/annotations-reference
+   reference/attributes-reference
+   reference/xml-mapping
+   reference/yaml-mapping
+   reference/php-mapping
+   reference/caching
+   reference/improving-performance
+   reference/tools
+   reference/metadata-drivers
+   reference/best-practices
+   reference/limitations-and-known-issues
+   tutorials/pagination
+   reference/filters
+   reference/namingstrategy
+   reference/advanced-configuration
+   reference/second-level-cache
+   reference/security
+   
+
+Cookbook
+--------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   cookbook/aggregate-fields
+   cookbook/custom-mapping-types
+   cookbook/decorator-pattern
+   cookbook/dql-custom-walkers
+   cookbook/dql-user-defined-functions
+   cookbook/implementing-arrayaccess-for-domain-objects
+   cookbook/implementing-the-notify-changetracking-policy
+   cookbook/implementing-wakeup-or-clone
+   cookbook/resolve-target-entity-listener
+   cookbook/sql-table-prefixes
+   cookbook/strategy-cookbook-introduction
+   cookbook/validation-of-entities
+   cookbook/working-with-datetime
+   cookbook/mysql-enums
+   cookbook/advanced-field-value-conversion-using-custom-mapping-types
+   cookbook/entities-in-session
+