Extract grammar

Grammar is now defined in <!-- GRAMMAR --> blocks. The actually
displayed grammar will be auto-generated.

.gitignore

@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 /.commit-template
+*.swp

spec/04-basic-concepts.md

@@ -3,6 +3,25 @@
 A PHP *program* consists of one or more source files, known formally as
 *scripts*.
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+script:
+  script-section
+  script script-section
+
+script-section:
+  text? start-tag statement-list? end-tag? text?
+
+start-tag:
+  '<?php'
+  '<?='
+
+end-tag:
+  '?>'
+
+text:
+  "arbitrary text not containing any of" start-tag "sequences"
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>script:</i>
     <i>script-section</i>

spec/05-types.md

@@ -119,6 +119,25 @@ the requirements of a numeric string, and whose trailing characters are
 non-numeric. A *non-numeric string* is a string that is not a numeric
 string.
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+str-numeric::
+  str-whitespace? sign? str-number
+
+str-whitespace::
+  str-whitespace? str-whitespace-char
+
+str-whitespace-char::
+  new-line
+  "Space character (U+0020)"
+  "Horizontal-tab character (U+0009)"
+  "Vertical-tab character (U+000B)"
+  "Form-feed character (U+000C)"
+
+str-number::
+  digit-sequence
+  floating-literal
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>str-numeric::</i>
     <i>str-whitespace<sub>opt</sub>   sign<sub>opt</sub>   str-number</i>

spec/07-variables.md

@@ -266,6 +266,21 @@ $b = &colors[100];      // a VSlot for $b is created which points to the array
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+function-static-declaration:
+  'static' static-variable-name-list ';'
+
+static-variable-name-list:
+  static-variable-declaration
+  static-variable-name-list ',' static-variable-declaration
+
+static-variable-declaration:
+  variable-name function-static-initializer?
+
+function-static-initializer:
+  '=' constant-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>function-static-declaration:</i>
     static <i>static-variable-name-list</i>  ;
@@ -350,6 +365,15 @@ echo "\$fs = $fs\n";    // $fs = 3
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+global-declaration:
+  'global' variable-name-list ';'
+
+variable-name-list:
+  simple-variable
+  variable-name-list ',' simple-variable
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>global-declaration:</i>
     global <i>variable-name-list</i> ;

spec/09-lexical-structure.md

@@ -43,13 +43,19 @@ successive indented line contains a possible expansion of the
 non-terminal given as a sequence of non-terminal or terminal symbols.
 For example, the production:
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+single-line-comment-example::
+  '//' input-characters?
+  '#' input-characters?
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>single-line-comment::</i>
     // input-characters<sub>opt</sub>
     #  input-characters<sub>opt</sub>
 </pre>
 
-defines the lexical grammar production *single-line-comment* as being
+defines the lexical grammar production *single-line-comment-example* as being
 the terminals `//` or `#`, followed by an optional *input-characters*. Each
 expansion is listed on a separate line.
 
@@ -57,6 +63,13 @@ Although alternatives are usually listed on separate lines, when there
 is a large number, the shorthand phrase “one of” may precede a list of
 expansions given on a single line. For example,
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+hexadecimal-digit-example:: one of
+  '0' '1' '2' '3' '4' '5' '6' '7' '8' '9'
+  'a' 'b' 'c' 'd' 'e' 'f'
+  'A' 'B' 'C' 'D' 'E' 'F'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>hexadecimal-digit:: one of</i>
     0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9
@@ -73,6 +86,17 @@ script. Each script must conform to this production.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+input-file::
+  input-element
+  input-file input-element
+
+input-element::
+  comment
+  white-space
+  token
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>input-file::</i>
     <i>input-element</i>
@@ -109,6 +133,31 @@ Two forms of comments are supported: *delimited comments* and
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+comment::
+  single-line-comment
+  delimited-comment
+
+single-line-comment::
+  '//' input-characters?
+  '#' input-characters?
+
+input-characters::
+  input-character
+  input-characters input-character
+
+input-character::
+  "Any source character except" new-line
+
+new-line::
+  "Carriage-return character (U+000D)"
+  "Line-feed character (U+000A)"
+  "Carriage-return character (U+000D) followed by line-feed character (U+000A)"
+
+delimited-comment::
+  '/*' "No characters or any source character sequence except */" '*/'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>comment::</i>
     <i>single-line-comment</i>
@@ -161,6 +210,17 @@ new-line, space and horizontal tab characters.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+white-space::
+  white-space-character
+  white-space white-space-character
+
+white-space-character::
+  new-line
+  "Space character (U+0020)"
+  "Horizontal-tab character (U+0009)"
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>white-space::</i>
     <i>white-space-character</i>
@@ -189,6 +249,17 @@ There are several kinds of source *tokens*:
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+token::
+  variable-name
+  name
+  keyword
+  integer-literal
+  floating-literal
+  string-literal
+  operator-or-punctuator
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>token::</i>
     <i>variable-name</i>
@@ -214,6 +285,40 @@ There are several kinds of source *tokens*:
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+variable-name::
+  '$' name
+
+namespace-name::
+  name
+  namespace-name '\' name
+
+namespace-name-as-a-prefix::
+  '\'
+  '\'? namespace-name '\'
+  'namespace' '\'
+  'namespace' '\' namespace-name '\'
+
+qualified-name::
+  namespace-name-as-a-prefix? name
+
+name::
+  name-nondigit
+  name name-nondigit
+  name digit
+
+name-nondigit::
+  nondigit
+  "one of the characters U+0080–U+00ff"
+
+nondigit:: one of
+  '_'
+  'a' 'b' 'c' 'd' 'e' 'f' 'g' 'h' 'i' 'j' 'k' 'l' 'm'
+  'n' 'o' 'p' 'q' 'r' 's' 't' 'u' 'v' 'w' 'x' 'y' 'z'
+  'A' 'B' 'C' 'D' 'E' 'F' 'G' 'H' 'I' 'J' 'K' 'L' 'M'
+  'N' 'O' 'P' 'Q' 'R' 'S' 'T' 'U' 'V' 'W' 'X' 'Y' 'Z'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>variable-name::</i>
     $   <i>name</i>
@@ -307,6 +412,18 @@ cannot be used as a name.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+keyword:: one of
+  'abstract' 'and' 'array' 'as' 'break' 'callable' 'case' 'catch' 'class' 'clone'
+  'const' 'continue' 'declare' 'default' 'die' 'do' 'echo' 'else' 'elseif' 'empty'
+  'enddeclare' 'endfor' 'endforeach' 'endif' 'endswitch' 'endwhile' 'eval' 'exit'
+  'extends' 'final' 'finally' 'for' 'foreach' 'function' 'global'
+  'goto' 'if' 'implements' 'include' 'include_once' 'instanceof'
+  'insteadof' 'interface' 'isset' 'list' 'namespace' 'new' 'or' 'print' 'private'
+  'protected' 'public' 'require' 'require_once' 'return' 'static' 'switch'
+  'throw' 'trait' 'try' 'unset' 'use' 'var' 'while' 'xor' 'yield' 'yield from'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>keyword:: one of</i>
     abstract   and   array   as   break   callable   case   catch   class   clone
@@ -335,6 +452,53 @@ The source code representation of a value is called a *literal*.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+integer-literal::
+  decimal-literal
+  octal-literal
+  hexadecimal-literal
+  binary-literal
+
+decimal-literal::
+  nonzero-digit
+  decimal-literal digit
+
+octal-literal::
+  '0'
+  octal-literal octal-digit
+
+hexadecimal-literal::
+  hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-digit
+  hexadecimal-literal hexadecimal-digit
+
+hexadecimal-prefix:: one of
+  '0x' '0X'
+
+binary-literal::
+  binary-prefix binary-digit
+  binary-literal binary-digit
+
+binary-prefix:: one of
+  '0b' '0B'
+
+digit:: one of
+  '0' '1' '2' '3' '4' '5' '6' '7' '8' '9'
+
+nonzero-digit:: one of
+  '1' '2' '3' '4' '5' '6' '7' '8' '9'
+
+octal-digit:: one of
+  '0' '1' '2' '3' '4' '5' '6' '7'
+
+hexadecimal-digit:: one of
+  '0' '1' '2' '3' '4' '5' '6' '7' '8' '9'
+  'a' 'b' 'c' 'd' 'e' 'f'
+  'A' 'B' 'C' 'D' 'E' 'F'
+
+binary-digit:: one of
+  '0' '1'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>integer-literal::</i>
     <i>decimal-literal</i>
@@ -429,6 +593,27 @@ On an implementation using 32-bit int representation
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+floating-literal::
+  fractional-literal exponent-part?
+  digit-sequence exponent-part
+
+fractional-literal::
+  digit-sequence? '.' digit-sequence
+  digit-sequence '.'
+
+exponent-part::
+  'e' sign? digit-sequence
+  'E' sign? digit-sequence
+
+sign:: one of
+  '+' '-'
+
+digit-sequence::
+  digit
+  digit-sequence digit
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>floating-literal::</i>
     <i>fractional-literal   exponent-part<sub>opt</sub></i>
@@ -478,6 +663,14 @@ $values = array(1.23, 3e12, 543.678E-23);
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+string-literal::
+  single-quoted-string-literal
+  double-quoted-string-literal
+  heredoc-string-literal
+  nowdoc-string-literal
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>string-literal::</i>
     <i>single-quoted-string-literal</i>
@@ -504,6 +697,25 @@ The type of a string literal is `string`.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+single-quoted-string-literal::
+  b-prefix? '''' sq-char-sequence? ''''
+
+sq-char-sequence::
+  sq-char
+  sq-char-sequence sq-char
+
+sq-char::
+  sq-escape-sequence
+  '\'? "any member of the source character set except single-quote (') or backslash (\)"
+
+sq-escape-sequence:: one of
+  '\''' '\\'
+
+b-prefix:: one of
+  'b' 'B'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>single-quoted-string-literal::</i>
     <i>b-prefix<sub>opt</sub></i>  ' <i>sq-char-sequence<sub>opt</sub></i>  '
@@ -548,6 +760,45 @@ A single-quoted string literal is always a constant expression.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+double-quoted-string-literal::
+  b-prefix? '"' dq-char-sequence? '"'
+
+dq-char-sequence::
+  dq-char
+  dq-char-sequence dq-char
+
+dq-char::
+  dq-escape-sequence
+  "any member of the source character set except double-quote ("") or backslash (\)"
+  '\' "any member of the source character set except ""\$efnrtvxX or" octal-digit
+
+dq-escape-sequence::
+  dq-simple-escape-sequence
+  dq-octal-escape-sequence
+  dq-hexadecimal-escape-sequence
+  dq-unicode-escape-sequence
+
+dq-simple-escape-sequence:: one of
+  '\"' '\\' '\$' '\e' '\f' '\n' '\r' '\t' '\v'
+
+dq-octal-escape-sequence::
+  '\' octal-digit
+  '\' octal-digit octal-digit
+  '\' octal-digit octal-digit octal-digit
+
+dq-hexadecimal-escape-sequence::
+  '\x' hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit?
+  '\X' hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit?
+
+dq-unicode-escape-sequence::
+  '\u{' codepoint-digits '}'
+
+codepoint-digits::
+   hexadecimal-digit
+   hexadecimal-digit codepoint-digits
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>double-quoted-string-literal::</i>
     <i>b-prefix<sub>opt</sub></i>  " <i>dq-char-sequence<sub>opt</sub></i>  "
@@ -652,6 +903,24 @@ ill-formed Unicode escape sequences.
 
 The variable substitution accepts the following syntax:
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+string-variable::
+  variable-name offset-or-property?
+  '${' expression '}'
+
+offset-or-property::
+  offset-in-string
+  property-in-string
+
+offset-in-string::
+  '[' name ']'
+  '[' variable-name ']'
+  '[' integer-literal ']'
+
+property-in-string::
+  '->' name
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>string-variable::</i>
     <i>variable-name</i>   <i>offset-or-property<sub>opt</sub></i>
@@ -729,6 +998,39 @@ echo "\$myC->p1 = >$myC->p1<\n";  // → $myC->p1 = >2<
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+heredoc-string-literal::
+  b-prefix? '<<<' hd-start-identifier new-line hd-body? hd-end-identifier ';'? new-line
+
+hd-start-identifier::
+  name
+  '"' name '"'
+
+hd-end-identifier::
+  name
+
+hd-body::
+  hd-char-sequence? new-line
+
+hd-char-sequence::
+  hd-char
+  hd-char-sequence hd-char
+
+hd-char::
+  hd-escape-sequence
+  "any member of the source character set except backslash (\)"
+  "\ any member of the source character set except \$efnrtvxX or" octal-digit
+
+hd-escape-sequence::
+  hd-simple-escape-sequence
+  dq-octal-escape-sequence
+  dq-hexadecimal-escape-sequence
+  dq-unicode-escape-sequence
+
+hd-simple-escape-sequence:: one of
+  '\\' '\$' '\e' '\f' '\n' '\r' '\t' '\v'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>heredoc-string-literal::</i>
     <i>b-prefix<sub>opt</sub></i>   &lt;&lt;&lt;   <i>hd-start-identifier   new-line   hd-body<sub>opt</sub></i>   hd-end-identifier   ;<i><sub>opt</sub>   new-line</i>
@@ -812,6 +1114,11 @@ echo ">$s<";
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+nowdoc-string-literal::
+  b-prefix? '<<<' '''' name '''' new-line hd-body? name ';'? new-line
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>nowdoc-string-literal::</i>
     <i>b-prefix<sub>opt</sub></i>  &lt;&lt;&lt;  '  <i>name</i>  '  <i>new-line  hd-body<sub>opt</sub>   name</i>  ;<i><sub>opt</sub>   new-line</i>
@@ -858,6 +1165,14 @@ echo ">$s<\n\n";
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+operator-or-punctuator:: one of
+  '[' ']' '(' ')' '{' '}' '.' '->' '++' '--' '**' '*' '+' '-' '~' '!'
+  '$' '/' '%' '<<' '>>' '<' '>' '<=' '>=' '==' '===' '!=' '!==' '^' '|'
+  '&' '&&' '||' '?' ':' ';' '=' '**=' '*=' '/=' '%=' '+=' '-=' '.=' '<<='
+  '>>=' '&=' '^=' '|=' ',' '??' '<=>' '...' '\'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>operator-or-punctuator:: one of</i>
     [   ]   (   )   {   }   .   ->   ++   --   **   *   +   -   ~   !

spec/10-expressions.md

@@ -89,6 +89,18 @@ function, `$a` need not actually be incremented.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+primary-expression:
+  variable
+  class-constant-access-expression
+  constant-access-expression
+  literal
+  array-creation-expression
+  intrinsic
+  anonymous-function-creation-expression
+  '(' expression ')'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>primary-expression:</i>
     <i>variable</i>
@@ -121,6 +133,13 @@ the un-parenthesized expression.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+simple-variable:
+  variable-name
+  '$' simple-variable
+  '$' '{' expression '}'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>simple-variable:</i>
     <i>variable-name</i>
@@ -177,6 +196,20 @@ ${1 + f1()} = 1000;   // equivalent to ${3.5} = 1000
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+dereferencable-expression:
+  variable
+  '(' expression ')'
+  array-creation-expression
+  string-literal
+
+callable-expression:
+  callable-variable
+  '(' expression ')'
+  array-creation-expression
+  string-literal
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>dereferencable-expression:</i>
     <i>variable</i>
@@ -214,6 +247,20 @@ call operator](#function-call-operator).
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+callable-variable:
+  simple-variable
+  subscript-expression
+  member-call-expression
+  scoped-call-expression
+  function-call-expression
+
+variable:
+  callable-variable
+  scoped-property-access-expression
+  member-access-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>callable-variable:</i>
     <i>simple-variable</i>
@@ -246,6 +293,11 @@ An expression that is not a *variable* can never act as an lvalue.
 
 ###Constant Access Expression
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+constant-access-expression:
+  qualified-name
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>constant-access-expression:</i>
     <i>qualified-name</i>
@@ -264,6 +316,13 @@ with name *qualified-name*.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+literal:
+  integer-literal
+  floating-literal
+  string-literal
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>literal:</i>
     <i>integer-literal</i>
@@ -287,6 +346,24 @@ A literal evaluates to its value, as specified in the lexical specification for
 ####General
 
 **Syntax**
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+intrinsic:
+  intrinsic-construct
+  intrinsic-operator
+
+intrinsic-construct:
+  echo-intrinsic
+  list-intrinsic
+  unset-intrinsic
+
+intrinsic-operator:
+  empty-intrinsic
+  eval-intrinsic
+  exit-intrinsic
+  isset-intrinsic
+  print-intrinsic
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>intrinsic:</i>
     <i>intrinsic-construct</i>
@@ -331,6 +408,15 @@ other values or expressions could be used.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+echo-intrinsic:
+  'echo' expression-list
+
+expression-list:
+  expression
+  expression-list ',' expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>echo-intrinsic:</i>
     echo  <i>expression-list</i>
@@ -376,6 +462,11 @@ echo "$v3\n";
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+empty-intrinsic:
+  'empty' '(' expression ')'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>empty-intrinsic:</i>
     empty ( <i>expression</i>  )
@@ -415,6 +506,11 @@ empty($v);   // results in FALSE
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+eval-intrinsic:
+  'eval' '(' expression ')'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>eval-intrinsic:</i>
     eval (  <i>expression</i>  )
@@ -457,6 +553,14 @@ eval("echo \$str . \"\\n\";");  // → echo $str . "\n"; → prints Hello
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+exit-intrinsic:
+  'exit'
+  'exit' '(' expression? ')'
+  'die'
+  'die' '(' expression? ')'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>exit-intrinsic:</i>
     exit
@@ -505,6 +609,15 @@ exit;
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+isset-intrinsic:
+  'isset' '(' variable-list ')'
+
+variable-list:
+  variable
+  variable-list ',' variable
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>isset-intrinsic:</i>
     isset  (  <i>variable-list</i>  )
@@ -546,6 +659,28 @@ isset($v1, $v2, $v3);  // results in FALSE
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+list-intrinsic:
+  'list' '(' list-expression-list ')'
+
+list-expression-list:
+  unkeyed-list-expression-list
+  keyed-list-expression-list ','?
+
+unkeyed-list-expression-list:
+  list-or-variable
+  ','
+  unkeyed-list-expression-list ',' list-or-variable?
+
+keyed-list-expression-list:
+  expression '=>' list-or-variable
+  keyed-list-expression-list ',' expression '=>' list-or-variable
+
+list-or-variable:
+  list-intrinsic
+  expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>list-intrinsic:</i>
     list  (  <i>list-expression-list</i>  )
@@ -660,6 +795,11 @@ list(0 => list($x1, $x2), 1 => list($x2, $y2)) = [[1, 2], [3, 4]];
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+print-intrinsic:
+  'print' expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>print-intrinsic:</i>
     print  <i>expression</i>
@@ -701,6 +841,11 @@ $a > $b ? print "..." : print "...";
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+unset-intrinsic:
+  'unset' '(' variable-list ')'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>unset-intrinsic:</i>
     unset  (  <i>variable-list</i>  )
@@ -752,6 +897,18 @@ unset($x->m); // if m is a dynamic property, $x->__unset("m") is called
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+anonymous-function-creation-expression:
+'static?' 'function' '&'? '(' parameter-declaration-list? ')' return-type? anonymous-function-use-clause? compound-statement
+
+anonymous-function-use-clause:
+  'use' '(' use-variable-name-list ')'
+
+use-variable-name-list:
+  '&'? variable-name
+  use-variable-name-list ',' '&'? variable-name
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>anonymous-function-creation-expression:</i>
   static<sub>opt</sub> function  &<sub>opt</sub> (  <i>parameter-declaration-list<sub>opt</sub></i>  ) <i>return-type<sub>opt</sub></i> <i>anonymous-function-use-clause<sub>opt</sub></i>
@@ -837,6 +994,16 @@ class C
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+postfix-expression:
+  primary-expression
+  clone-expression
+  object-creation-expression
+  postfix-increment-expression
+  postfix-decrement-expression
+  exponentiation-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>postfix-expression:</i>
     <i>primary-expression</i>
@@ -864,6 +1031,11 @@ These operators associate left-to-right.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+clone-expression:
+  'clone' expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>clone-expression:</i>
     clone  <i>expression</i>
@@ -918,6 +1090,18 @@ $obj2 = clone $obj1;  // creates a new Manager that is a deep copy
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+object-creation-expression:
+  'new' class-type-designator '(' argument-expression-list? ')'
+  'new' class-type-designator
+  'new' 'class' '(' argument-expression-list? ')' class-base-clause? class-interface-clause? '{' class-member-declarations? '}'
+  'new' 'class' class-base-clause? class-interface-clause? '{' class-member-declarations? '}'
+
+class-type-designator:
+  qualified-name
+  expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>object-creation-expression:</i>
     new  <i>class-type-designator</i>  (  <i>argument-expression-list<sub>opt</sub></i>  )
@@ -1010,6 +1194,29 @@ $v2 = new class (100) extends C1 implements I1, I2 {
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+array-creation-expression:
+  'array' '(' array-initializer? ')'
+  '[' array-initializer? ']'
+
+array-initializer:
+  array-initializer-list ','?
+
+array-initializer-list:
+  array-element-initializer
+  array-element-initializer ',' array-initializer-list
+
+array-element-initializer:
+  '&'? element-value
+  element-key '=>' '&'? element-value
+
+element-key:
+  expression
+
+element-value:
+  expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>array-creation-expression:</i>
     array  (  <i>array-initializer<sub>opt</sub></i>  )
@@ -1104,6 +1311,12 @@ for ($i = -1; $i <= 2; ++$i) { echo $v[$i]; } // retrieves via keys -1, 0, 1, 2
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+subscript-expression:
+  dereferencable-expression '[' expression? ']'
+  dereferencable-expression '{' expression '}' "<b>[Deprecated form]</b>"
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>subscript-expression:</i>
     <i>dereferencable-expression</i>  [  <i>expression<sub>opt</sub></i>  ]
@@ -1268,6 +1481,23 @@ $x = $vect1[1];   // calls Vector::offsetGet(1)
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+function-call-expression:
+  qualified-name '(' argument-expression-list? ')'
+  callable-expression '(' argument-expression-list? ')'
+
+argument-expression-list:
+  argument-expression
+  argument-expression-list ',' argument-expression
+
+argument-expression:
+  variadic-unpacking
+  assignment-expression
+
+variadic-unpacking:
+  '...' assignment-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>function-call-expression:</i>
     <i>qualified-name</i>  (  <i>argument-expression-list<sub>opt</sub></i>  )
@@ -1392,6 +1622,16 @@ $anon();  // call the anonymous function encapsulated by that object
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+member-access-expression:
+  dereferencable-expression '->' member-name
+
+member-name:
+  name
+  simple-variable
+  '{' expression '}'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>member-access-expression:</i>
     <i>dereferencable-expression</i>   ->   <i>member-name</i>
@@ -1472,6 +1712,11 @@ $c = $p1->color;  // turned into $c = $p1->__get("color");
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+member-call-expression:
+  dereferencable-expression '->' member-name '(' argument-expression-list? ')'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>member-call-expression:</i>
     <i>dereferencable-expression</i>   ->   <i>member-name</i>   (   <i>argument-expression-list<sub>opt</sub></i>   )
@@ -1513,6 +1758,14 @@ See [member access examples](#member-access-operator).
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+postfix-increment-expression:
+  variable '++'
+
+postfix-decrement-expression:
+  variable '--'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>postfix-increment-expression:</i>
     <i>variable</i>  ++
@@ -1547,6 +1800,27 @@ $a = array(100, 200); $v = $a[1]++; // old value of $ia[1] (200) is assigned
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+scoped-property-access-expression:
+  scope-resolution-qualifier '::' simple-variable
+
+scoped-call-expression:
+  scope-resolution-qualifier '::' member-name '(' argument-expression-list? ')'
+
+class-constant-access-expression:
+  scope-resolution-qualifier '::' name
+
+scope-resolution-qualifier:
+  relative-scope
+  qualified-name
+  dereferencable-expression
+
+relative-scope:
+  'self'
+  'parent'
+  'static'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>scoped-property-access-expression:</i>
     <i>scope-resolution-qualifier</i>   ::   <i>simple-variable</i>
@@ -1673,6 +1947,11 @@ class Point
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+exponentiation-expression:
+  expression '**' expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>exponentiation-expression:</i>
     <i>expression</i>  **  <i>expression</i>
@@ -1709,6 +1988,17 @@ for each.  **Examples**
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+unary-expression:
+  postfix-expression
+  prefix-increment-expression
+  prefix-decrement-expression
+  unary-op-expression
+  error-control-expression
+  shell-command-expression
+  cast-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>unary-expression:</i>
     <i>postfix-expression</i>
@@ -1738,6 +2028,14 @@ These operators associate right-to-left.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+prefix-increment-expression:
+  '++' variable
+
+prefix-decrement-expression:
+  '--' variable
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>prefix-increment-expression:</i>
     ++ <i>variable</i>
@@ -1848,6 +2146,14 @@ $a = "^^Z^^"; ++$a; // $a is now "^^Z^^"
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+unary-op-expression:
+  unary-operator cast-expression
+
+unary-operator: one of
+  '+' '-' '!' '~'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>unary-op-expression:</i>
     <i>unary-operator cast-expression</i>
@@ -1939,6 +2245,11 @@ $s = "\x86\x97"; $s = ~$s; // $s is "yh"
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+error-control-expression:
+  '@' expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>error-control-expression:</i>
     @   <i>expression</i>
@@ -1995,6 +2306,11 @@ $x = $tmp;
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+shell-command-expression:
+  '`' dq-char-sequence? '`'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>shell-command-expression:</i>
     `  <i>dq-char-sequence<sub>opt</sub></i>  `
@@ -2032,6 +2348,16 @@ $result = `$d {$f}`;      // result is the output of command dir *.*
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+cast-expression:
+  unary-expression
+  '(' cast-type ')' expression
+
+cast-type: one of
+  'array' 'binary' 'bool' 'boolean' 'double' 'int' 'integer' 'float' 'object'
+  'real' 'string' 'unset'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>cast-expression:</i>
     <i>unary-expression</i>
@@ -2087,6 +2413,19 @@ A *cast-type* of `unset` always results in a value of `NULL`. (This use of
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+instanceof-expression:
+  unary-expression
+  instanceof-subject 'instanceof' instanceof-type-designator
+
+instanceof-subject:
+  expression
+
+instanceof-type-designator:
+  qualified-name
+  expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>instanceof-expression:</i>
     <i>unary-expression</i>
@@ -2156,6 +2495,14 @@ var_dump($e2 instanceof $e1);      // TRUE
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+multiplicative-expression:
+  instanceof-expression
+  multiplicative-expression '*' instanceof-expression
+  multiplicative-expression '/' instanceof-expression
+  multiplicative-expression '%' instanceof-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>multiplicative-expression:</i>
     <i>instanceof-expression</i>
@@ -2227,6 +2574,14 @@ These operators associate left-to-right.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+additive-expression:
+  multiplicative-expression
+  additive-expression '+' multiplicative-expression
+  additive-expression '-' multiplicative-expression
+  additive-expression '.' multiplicative-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>additive-expression:</i>
     <i>multiplicative-expression</i>
@@ -2301,6 +2656,13 @@ TRUE . NULL;      // string with value "1"
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+shift-expression:
+  additive-expression
+  shift-expression '<<' additive-expression
+  shift-expression '>>' additive-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>shift-expression:</i>
     <i>additive-expression</i>
@@ -2361,6 +2723,16 @@ These operators associate left-to-right.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+relational-expression:
+  shift-expression
+  relational-expression '<' shift-expression
+  relational-expression '>' shift-expression
+  relational-expression '<=' shift-expression
+  relational-expression '>=' shift-expression
+  relational-expression '<=>' shift-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>relational-expression:</i>
     <i>shift-expression</i>
@@ -2491,6 +2863,16 @@ function order_func($a, $b) {
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+equality-expression:
+  relational-expression
+  equality-expression '==' relational-expression
+  equality-expression '!=' relational-expression
+  equality-expression '<>' relational-expression
+  equality-expression '===' relational-expression
+  equality-expression '!==' relational-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>equality-expression:</i>
     <i>relational-expression</i>
@@ -2549,6 +2931,12 @@ TRUE !== 100  // result has value TRUE
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+bitwise-AND-expression:
+  equality-expression
+  bitwise-AND-expression '&' equality-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>bitwise-AND-expression:</i>
     <i>equality-expression</i>
@@ -2594,6 +2982,12 @@ $uLetter = $lLetter & ~0x20;  // clear the 6th bit to make letter 'S'
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+bitwise-exc-OR-expression:
+  bitwise-AND-expression
+  bitwise-exc-OR-expression '^' bitwise-AND-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>bitwise-exc-OR-expression:</i>
     <i>bitwise-AND-expression</i>
@@ -2641,6 +3035,12 @@ $v1 = $v1 ^ $v2;    // $v1 is now -987, and $v2 is now 1234
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+bitwise-inc-OR-expression:
+  bitwise-exc-OR-expression
+  bitwise-inc-OR-expression '|' bitwise-exc-OR-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>bitwise-inc-OR-expression:</i>
     <i>bitwise-exc-OR-expression</i>
@@ -2686,6 +3086,12 @@ $lLetter = $upCaseLetter | 0x20;  // set the 6th bit to make letter 'a'
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+logical-AND-expression-1:
+  bitwise-inc-OR-expression
+  logical-AND-expression-1 '&&' bitwise-inc-OR-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>logical-AND-expression-1:</i>
     <i>bitwise-inc-OR-expression</i>
@@ -2715,6 +3121,12 @@ if ($month > 1 && $month <= 12) ...
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+logical-inc-OR-expression-1:
+  logical-AND-expression-1
+  logical-inc-OR-expression-1 '||' logical-AND-expression-1
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>logical-inc-OR-expression-1:</i>
     <i>logical-AND-expression-1</i>
@@ -2741,6 +3153,12 @@ if ($month < 1 || $month > 12) ...
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+conditional-expression:
+  logical-inc-OR-expression-1
+  logical-inc-OR-expression-1 '?' expression? ':' conditional-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>conditional-expression:</i>
     <i>logical-inc-OR-expression-1</i>
@@ -2787,6 +3205,11 @@ function factorial($int)
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+coalesce-expression:
+  logical-inc-OR-expression-1 '??' expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>coalesce-expression:</i>
     <i>logical-inc-OR-expression-1</i>  ??  <i>expression</i>
@@ -2837,6 +3260,15 @@ var_dump(true ?? foo()); // outputs bool(true), "executed!" does not appear as i
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+assignment-expression:
+  conditional-expression
+  coalesce-expression
+  simple-assignment-expression
+  byref-assignment-expression
+  compound-assignment-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>assignment-expression:</i>
     <i>conditional-expression</i>
@@ -2867,6 +3299,12 @@ These operators associate right-to-left.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+simple-assignment-expression:
+  variable '=' assignment-expression
+  list-intrinsic '=' assignment-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>simple-assignment-expression:</i>
     <i>variable</i>  =  <i>assignment-expression</i>
@@ -2937,6 +3375,11 @@ $a = new C; // make $a point to the allocated object
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+byref-assignment-expression:
+  variable '=' '&' assignment-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>byref-assignment-expression:</i>
     <i>variable</i>  =  &  <i>assignment-expression</i>
@@ -2979,6 +3422,14 @@ $b =& g2();     // make $b an alias to "xxx"
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+compound-assignment-expression:
+  variable compound-assignment-operator assignment-expression
+
+compound-assignment-operator: one of
+  '**=' '*=' '/=' '%=' '+=' '-=' '.=' '<<=' '>>=' '&=' '^=' '|='
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>compound-assignment-expression:</i>
     <i>variable   compound-assignment-operator   assignment-expression</i>
@@ -3017,6 +3468,12 @@ $a[$i++] += 50; // $a[1] = 250, $i → 2
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+logical-AND-expression-2:
+  assignment-expression
+  logical-AND-expression-2 'and' assignment-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>logical-AND-expression-2:</i>
     <i>assignment-expression</i>
@@ -3036,6 +3493,12 @@ same semantics as [operator `&&`](#logical-and-operator-form-1).
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+logical-exc-OR-expression:
+  logical-AND-expression-2
+  logical-exc-OR-expression 'xor' logical-AND-expression-2
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>logical-exc-OR-expression:</i>
     <i>logical-AND-expression-2</i>
@@ -3068,6 +3531,12 @@ f($i++) xor g($i) // the sequence point makes this well-defined
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+logical-inc-OR-expression-2:
+  logical-exc-OR-expression
+  logical-inc-OR-expression-2 'or' logical-exc-OR-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>logical-inc-OR-expression-2:</i>
     <i>logical-exc-OR-expression</i>
@@ -3087,6 +3556,13 @@ same semantics as [operator `||`](#logical-inclusive-or-operator-form-1).
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+yield-expression:
+  logical-inc-OR-expression-2
+  'yield' array-element-initializer
+  'yield from' expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>yield-expression:</i>
     <i>logical-inc-OR-expression-2</i>
@@ -3216,6 +3692,15 @@ foreach ($g as $yielded) {
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+expression:
+  yield-expression
+  include-expression
+  include-once-expression
+  require-expression
+  require-once-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>expression:</i>
     <i>yield-expression</i>
@@ -3390,6 +3875,11 @@ echo $x;                  // hello
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+include-expression:
+  'include' expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>include-expression:</i>
     include   <i>expression</i>
@@ -3441,6 +3931,11 @@ If ((include 'Positions.php') == 1) ...
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+include-once-expression:
+  'include_once' expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>include-once-expression:</i>
     include_once   <i>expression</i>
@@ -3488,6 +3983,11 @@ $c1 = new Circle(9, 7, 2.4);
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+require-expression:
+  'require' expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>require-expression:</i>
     require   <i>expression</i>
@@ -3507,6 +4007,11 @@ produces a fatal error.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+require-once-expression:
+  'require_once' expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>require-once-expression:</i>
     require_once   <i>expression</i>
@@ -3533,6 +4038,11 @@ and relative path) still are considered the same file.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+constant-expression:
+  expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>constant-expression:</i>
     <i>expression</i>

spec/11-statements.md

@@ -4,6 +4,27 @@
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+statement:
+  compound-statement
+  named-label-statement
+  expression-statement
+  selection-statement
+  iteration-statement
+  jump-statement
+  try-statement
+  declare-statement
+  const-declaration
+  function-definition
+  class-declaration
+  interface-declaration
+  trait-declaration
+  namespace-definition
+  namespace-use-declaration
+  global-declaration
+  function-static-declaration
+-->
+
 <pre>
 
   <i>statement:</i>
@@ -49,6 +70,15 @@
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+compound-statement:
+  '{' statement-list? '}'
+
+statement-list:
+  statement
+  statement-list statement
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>compound-statement:</i>
     {   <i>statement-list<sub>opt</sub></i>  }
@@ -90,6 +120,11 @@ while (condition)
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+named-label-statement:
+  name ';' statement
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>named-label-statement:</i>
     <i>name</i>  :  <i>statement</i>
@@ -117,6 +152,11 @@ execution.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+expression-statement:
+  expression? ';'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>expression-statement:</i>
     <i>expression<sub>opt</sub></i>  ;
@@ -170,6 +210,12 @@ done:
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+selection-statement:
+  if-statement
+  switch-statement
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>selection-statement:</i>
     <i>if-statement</i>
@@ -190,6 +236,32 @@ selects among a set of statements.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+if-statement:
+  'if' '(' expression ')' statement elseif-clauses-1? else-clause-1?
+  'if' '(' expression ')' ':' statement-list elseif-clauses-2? else-clause-2? 'endif' ';'
+
+elseif-clauses-1:
+  elseif-clause-1
+  elseif-clauses-1 elseif-clause-1
+
+elseif-clause-1:
+  'elseif' '(' expression ')' statement
+
+else-clause-1:
+  'else' statement
+
+elseif-clauses-2:
+  elseif-clause-2
+  elseif-clauses-2 elseif-clause-2
+
+elseif-clause-2:
+  'elseif' '(' expression ')' ':' statement-list
+
+else-clause-2:
+  'else' ':' statement-list
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>if-statement:</i>
     if   (   <i>expression</i>   )   <i>statement   elseif-clauses-1<sub>opt</sub>   else-clause-1<sub>opt</sub></i>
@@ -283,6 +355,26 @@ else  // this else does go with the outer if
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+switch-statement:
+  'switch' '(' expression ')' '{' case-statements? '}'
+  'switch' '(' expression ')' ':' case-statements? 'endswitch;'
+
+case-statements:
+  case-statement case-statements?
+  default-statement case-statements?
+
+case-statement:
+  'case' expression case-default-label-terminator statement-list?
+
+default-statement:
+  'default' case-default-label-terminator statement-list?
+
+case-default-label-terminator:
+  ':'
+  ';'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>switch-statement:</i>
     switch  (  <i>expression</i>  )  { <i>case-statements<sub>opt</sub></i> }
@@ -397,6 +489,14 @@ case $v < $a:   // non-constant expression
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+iteration-statement:
+  while-statement
+  do-statement
+  for-statement
+  foreach-statement
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>iteration-statement:</i>
     <i>while-statement</i>
@@ -416,6 +516,12 @@ case $v < $a:   // non-constant expression
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+while-statement:
+  'while' '(' expression ')' statement
+  'while' '(' expression ')' ':' statement-list 'endwhile' ';'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>while-statement:</i>
     while  (  <i>expression</i>  )  <i>statement</i>
@@ -464,6 +570,11 @@ while (TRUE)
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+do-statement:
+  'do' statement 'while' '(' expression ')' ';'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>do-statement:</i>
     do  <i>statement</i>  while  (  <i>expression</i>  )  ;
@@ -508,6 +619,25 @@ while ($i <= 10);
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+for-statement:
+  'for' '(' for-initializer? ';' for-control? ';' for-end-of-loop? ')' statement
+  'for' '(' for-initializer? ';' for-control? ';' for-end-of-loop? ')' ':' statement-list 'endfor' ';'
+
+for-initializer:
+  for-expression-group
+
+for-control:
+  for-expression-group
+
+for-end-of-loop:
+  for-expression-group
+
+for-expression-group:
+  expression
+  for-expression-group ',' expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>for-statement:</i>
     for   (   <i>for-initializer<sub>opt</sub></i>   ;   <i>for-control<sub>opt</sub></i>   ;   <i>for-end-of-loop<sub>opt</sub></i>   )   <i>statement</i>
@@ -600,6 +730,22 @@ for ($a = 100, $i = 1; ++$i, $i <= 10; ++$i, $a -= 10)
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+foreach-statement:
+  'foreach' '(' foreach-collection-name 'as' foreach-key? foreach-value ')' 'statement'
+  'foreach' '(' foreach-collection-name 'as' foreach-key? foreach-value ')' ':' statement-list 'endforeach' ';'
+
+foreach-collection-name:
+  expression
+
+foreach-key:
+  expression '=>'
+
+foreach-value:
+  '&'? expression
+  list-intrinsic
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>foreach-statement:</i>
     foreach  (  <i>foreach-collection-name</i>  as  <i>foreach-key<sub>opt</sub>  foreach-value</i>  )   statement
@@ -685,6 +831,15 @@ foreach ($colors as &$color)  // note the &
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+jump-statement:
+  goto-statement
+  continue-statement
+  break-statement
+  return-statement
+  throw-statement
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>jump-statement:</i>
     <i>goto-statement</i>
@@ -706,6 +861,11 @@ foreach ($colors as &$color)  // note the &
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+goto-statement:
+  'goto' name ';'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>goto-statement:</i>
     goto  <i>name</i>  ;
@@ -758,6 +918,14 @@ done:
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+continue-statement:
+  'continue' breakout-level? ';'
+
+breakout-level:
+  integer-literal
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>continue-statement:</i>
     continue   <i>breakout-level<sub>opt</sub></i>  ;
@@ -810,6 +978,11 @@ for ($i = 1; $i <= 5; ++$i)
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+break-statement:
+  'break' breakout-level? ';'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>break-statement:</i>
     break  <i>breakout-level<sub>opt</sub></i>  ;
@@ -875,6 +1048,11 @@ for ($i = 10; $i <= 40; $i +=10)
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+return-statement:
+  'return' expression? ';'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>return-statement:</i>
     return  <i>expression<sub>opt</sub></i>  ;
@@ -987,6 +1165,11 @@ enclosing function, `$a` need not actually be incremented.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+throw-statement:
+  'throw' expression ';'
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>throw-statement:</i>
     throw  <i>expression</i>  ;
@@ -1027,6 +1210,23 @@ throw new MyException;
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+try-statement:
+  'try' compound-statement catch-clauses
+  'try' compound-statement finally-clause
+  'try' compound-statement catch-clauses finally-clause
+
+catch-clauses:
+  catch-clause
+  catch-clauses catch-clause
+
+catch-clause:
+  'catch' '(' qualified-name variable-name ')' compound-statement
+
+finally-clause:
+  'finally' compound-statement
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>try-statement:</i>
     try  <i>compound-statement   catch-clauses</i>
@@ -1128,6 +1328,18 @@ finally { ... }
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+declare-statement:
+  'declare' '(' declare-directive ')' statement
+  'declare' '(' declare-directive ')' ':' statement-list 'enddeclare' ';'
+  'declare' '(' declare-directive ')' ';'
+
+declare-directive:
+  'ticks' '=' literal
+  'encoding' '=' literal
+  'strict_types' '=' literal
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>declare-statement:</i>
     declare  (  <i>declare-directive</i>  )  <i>statement</i>

spec/13-functions.md

@@ -47,6 +47,51 @@ A function is called via the function-call operator [`()`](10-expressions.md#fun
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+function-definition:
+  function-definition-header compound-statement
+
+function-definition-header:
+  'function' '&'? name '(' parameter-declaration-list? ')' return-type?
+
+parameter-declaration-list:
+  simple-parameter-declaration-list
+  variadic-declaration-list
+
+simple-parameter-declaration-list:
+  parameter-declaration
+  parameter-declaration-list ',' parameter-declaration
+
+variadic-declaration-list:
+  simple-parameter-declaration-list ',' variadic-parameter
+  variadic-parameter
+
+parameter-declaration:
+  type-declaration? '&'? variable-name default-argument-specifier?
+
+variadic-parameter:
+	type-declaration? '&'? '...' variable-name
+
+return-type:
+  ':' type-declaration
+  ':' 'void'
+
+type-declaration:
+  'array'
+  'callable'
+  scalar-type
+  qualified-name
+
+scalar-type:
+  'bool'
+  'float'
+  'int'
+  'string'
+
+default-argument-specifier:
+  '=' constant-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>function-definition:</i>
     <i>function-definition-header   compound-statement</i>

spec/14-classes.md

@@ -58,6 +58,22 @@ While PHP supports *anonymous class types*, such a type cannot be declared using
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+class-declaration:
+  class-modifier? 'class' name class-base-clause? class-interface-clause? '{' class-member-declarations? '}'
+
+class-modifier:
+  'abstract'
+  'final'
+
+class-base-clause:
+  'extends' qualified-name
+
+class-interface-clause:
+  'implements' qualified-name
+  class-interface-clause ',' qualified-name
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>class-declaration:</i>
     <i>class-modifier<sub>opt</sub></i>  class  <i>name   class-base-clause<sub>opt</sub>  class-interface-clause<sub>opt</sub></i>   {   class-member-declarations<sub>opt</sub></i> }
@@ -197,6 +213,20 @@ class MyList implements MyCollection
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+class-member-declarations:
+  class-member-declaration
+  class-member-declarations class-member-declaration
+
+class-member-declaration:
+  class-const-declaration
+  property-declaration
+  method-declaration
+  constructor-declaration
+  destructor-declaration
+  trait-use-clause
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>class-member-declarations:</i>
     <i>class-member-declaration</i>
@@ -386,6 +416,21 @@ Widget::__callStatic('sMethod', array(NULL, 1.234))
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+const-declaration:
+  'const' const-elements ';'
+
+class-const-declaration:
+  visibility-modifier? 'const' const-elements ';'
+
+const-elements:
+  const-element
+  const-elements const-element
+
+const-element:
+  name '=' constant-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>const-declaration:</i>
     const   <i>const-elements</i>   ;
@@ -447,6 +492,34 @@ $col = Automobile::DEFAULT_COLOR;
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+property-declaration:
+  property-modifier property-elements ';'
+
+property-modifier:
+  'var'
+  visibility-modifier static-modifier?
+  static-modifier visibility-modifier?
+
+visibility-modifier:
+  'public'
+  'protected'
+  'private'
+
+static-modifier:
+  'static'
+
+property-elements:
+  property-element
+  property-elements property-element
+
+property-element:
+  variable-name property-initializer? ';'
+
+property-initializer:
+  '=' constant-expression
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>property-declaration:</i>
     <i>property-modifier   property-elements</i>   ;
@@ -511,6 +584,21 @@ class Point
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+method-declaration:
+  method-modifiers? function-definition
+  method-modifiers function-definition-header ';'
+
+method-modifiers:
+  method-modifier
+  method-modifiers method-modifier
+
+method-modifier:
+  visibility-modifier
+  static-modifier
+  class-modifier
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>method-declaration:</i>
     <i>method-modifiers<sub>opt</sub>   function-definition</i>
@@ -569,6 +657,11 @@ examples of abstract methods and their subsequent definitions.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+constructor-declaration:
+  method-modifiers 'function' '&'? '__construct' '(' parameter-declaration-list? ')' compound-statement
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>constructor-declaration:</i>
     <i>method-modifiers</i>  function &<sub>opt</sub>   __construct  (  <i>parameter-declaration-list<sub>opt</sub></i>  )  <i>compound-statement</i>
@@ -657,6 +750,11 @@ class MyRangeException extends Exception
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+destructor-declaration:
+  method-modifiers 'function' '&'? '__destruct' '(' ')' compound-statement
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>destructor-declaration:</i>
     <i>method-modifiers</i>  function  &<sub>opt</sub>  __destruct  ( ) <i>compound-statement</i>

spec/15-interfaces.md

@@ -18,6 +18,15 @@ inherits all members from its *base interface(s)*.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+interface-declaration:
+  'interface' name interface-base-clause? '{' interface-member-declarations? '}'
+
+interface-base-clause:
+  'extends' qualified-name
+  interface-base-clause ',' qualified-name
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>interface-declaration:</i>
     interface   <i>name   interface-base-clause<sub>opt</sub></i> {  <i>interface-member-declarations<sub>opt</sub></i>  }
@@ -82,6 +91,16 @@ processCollection(new MyQueue(...));
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+interface-member-declarations:
+  interface-member-declaration
+  interface-member-declarations interface-member-declaration
+
+interface-member-declaration:
+  class-const-declaration
+  method-declaration
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>interface-member-declarations:</i>
     <i>interface-member-declaration</i>

spec/16-traits.md

@@ -42,6 +42,22 @@ that trait is used.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+trait-declaration:
+  'trait' name '{' trait-member-declarations? '}'
+
+trait-member-declarations:
+  trait-member-declaration
+  trait-member-declarations trait-member-declaration
+
+trait-member-declaration:
+  property-declaration
+  method-declaration
+  constructor-declaration
+  destructor-declaration
+  trait-use-clauses
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>trait-declaration:</i>
     trait   <i>name</i>   {   trait-member-declarations<sub>opt</sub></i>   }
@@ -106,6 +122,38 @@ trait T
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+trait-use-clauses:
+  trait-use-clause
+  trait-use-clauses trait-use-clause
+
+trait-use-clause:
+  'use' trait-name-list trait-use-specification
+
+trait-name-list:
+  qualified-name
+  trait-name-list ',' qualified-name
+
+trait-use-specification:
+  ';'
+  '{' trait-select-and-alias-clauses? '}'
+
+trait-select-and-alias-clauses:
+  trait-select-and-alias-clause
+  trait-select-and-alias-clauses trait-select-and-alias-clause
+
+trait-select-and-alias-clause:
+  trait-select-insteadof-clause ';'
+  trait-alias-as-clause ';'
+
+trait-select-insteadof-clause:
+  name 'insteadof' name
+
+trait-alias-as-clause:
+  name 'as' visibility-modifier? name
+  name 'as' visibility-modifier name?
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>trait-use-clauses:</i>
     <i>trait-use-clause</i>

spec/18-namespaces.md

@@ -36,6 +36,12 @@ prefixes are reserved for use by PHP.
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+namespace-definition:
+  'namespace' name ';'
+  'namespace' name? compound-statement
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>namespace-definition:</i>
     namespace  <i>name</i>  ;
@@ -118,6 +124,41 @@ namespace NS3\Sub1;
 
 **Syntax**
 
+<!-- GRAMMAR
+namespace-use-declaration:
+  'use' namespace-function-or-const? namespace-use-clauses ';'
+  'use' namespace-function-or-const '\'? namespace-name '\' '{' namespace-use-group-clauses-1 '}' ';'
+  'use' '\'? 'namespace-name' '\' '{' namespace-use-group-clauses-2 '}' ';'
+
+namespace-use-clauses:
+  namespace-use-clause
+  namespace-use-clauses ',' namespace-use-clause
+
+namespace-use-clause:
+  qualified-name namespace-aliasing-clause?
+
+namespace-aliasing-clause:
+  'as' name
+
+namespace-function-or-const:
+  'function'
+  'const'
+
+namespace-use-group-clauses-1:
+  namespace-use-group-clause-1
+  namespace-use-group-clauses-1 ',' namespace-use-group-clause-1
+
+namespace-use-group-clause-1:
+  namespace-name namespace-aliasing-clause?
+
+namespace-use-group-clauses-2:
+  namespace-use-group-clause-2
+  namespace-use-group-clauses-2 ',' namespace-use-group-clause-2
+
+namespace-use-group-clause-2:
+  namespace-function-or-const? namespace-name namespace-aliasing-clause?
+-->
+
 <pre>
   <i>namespace-use-declaration:</i>
     use  <i>namespace-function-or-const<sub>opt</sub></i> <i>namespace-use-clauses</i>  ;