This allows extensions that already know which parser to use and don't need the
generic lookup facility to directly refer to the desired parser without needing
to go through `php_uri_get_parser()` (which also requires allocating a
`zend_string*`).
Following php/php-src#20173
Related to php/php-src#19868
* uri: Rename `uri_recomposition_mode_t` to `php_uri_recomposition_mode`
* uri: Align the names of the `php_uri_recomposition_mode` values
* uri: Rename `uri_component_read_mode_t` to `php_uri_component_read_mode`
* uri: Align the names of the `php_uri_component_read_mode` values
* uri: Rename `uri_property_name_t` to `php_uri_property_name`
* uri: Align the names of the `php_uri_property_name` values
* uri: Rename `uri_property_handler_t` to `php_uri_property_handler`
* uri: Rename `uri_(read|write)_t` to `php_uri_property_handler_(read|write)`
* uri: Rename `php_uri_property_handler`’s `(read|write)_func` to `read|write`
The `_func` is implied by the data type and the name of the struct.
* uri: Rename `uri_parser_t` to `php_uri_parser`
* uri: Shorten the names of `php_uri_parser` fields
The `_uri` suffix is implied, because this is an URI parser.
* uri/standard: Move the `parse_url()` URI parser into ext/uri/
Making ext/standard depend on ext/uri/ is a bit iffy (given that it is called
*standard*) and having the parser implementation in ext/uri/ makes it easier to
find and keep in sync.
* uri: Mark local pointers as `const` in uri_parser_php_parse_url.c
* uri: Remove useless explicit cast from void in uri_parser_php_parse_url.c
* uri: Properly prefix symbols in uri_parser_php_parse_url.[ch]
* uri: Remove useless `throw_invalid_uri_exception()` helper in uri_parser_php_parse_url.c
