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636 lines
17 KiB
XML
636 lines
17 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!-- EN-Revision: 16934048f79c6e117cd16a23c09c1b2ea502e284 Maintainer: mowangjuanzi Status: ready -->
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<!-- CREDITS: Luffy -->
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<sect1 xml:id="language.operators.bitwise">
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<title>位运算符</title>
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<titleabbrev>位</titleabbrev>
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<simpara>
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位运算符允许对整型数中指定的位进行求值和操作。
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</simpara>
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<table>
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<title>位运算符</title>
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<tgroup cols="3">
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry>例子</entry>
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<entry>名称</entry>
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<entry>结果</entry>
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</row>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry><userinput>$a & $b</userinput></entry>
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<entry>And（按位与）</entry>
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<entry>将把 <varname>$a</varname> 和 <varname>$b</varname> 中都为 1 的位设为 1。</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><userinput>$a | $b</userinput></entry>
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<entry>Or（按位或）</entry>
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<entry>将把 <varname>$a</varname> 和 <varname>$b</varname> 中任何一个为 1 的位设为 1。</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><userinput>$a ^ $b</userinput></entry>
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<entry>Xor（按位异或）</entry>
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<entry>将把 <varname>$a</varname> 和 <varname>$b</varname> 中一个为 1 另一个为 0 的位设为 1。</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><userinput>~ $a</userinput></entry>
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<entry>Not（按位取反）</entry>
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<entry>将 <varname>$a</varname> 中为 0 的位设为 1，反之亦然。</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><userinput>$a << $b</userinput></entry>
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<entry>Shift left（左移）</entry>
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<entry>将 <varname>$a</varname> 中的位向左移动 <varname>$b</varname> 次（每一次移动都表示“乘以 2”）。</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><userinput>$a >> $b</userinput></entry>
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<entry>Shift right（右移）</entry>
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<entry>将 <varname>$a</varname> 中的位向右移动 <varname>$b</varname> 次（每一次移动都表示“除以 2”）。</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</table>
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<para>
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位移在 PHP 中是数学运算。向任何方向移出去的位都被丢弃。左移时右侧以零填充，符号位被移走意味着正负号不被保留。右移时左侧以符号位填充，意味着正负号被保留。
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</para>
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<para>
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要用括号确保想要的<link linkend="language.operators.precedence">优先级</link>。例如
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<literal>$a & $b == true</literal> 先进行比较再进行按位与；而
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<literal>($a & $b) == true</literal> 则先进行按位与再进行比较。
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</para>
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<para>
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如果 <literal>&</literal>、 <literal>|</literal> 和
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<literal>^</literal> 运算符的左右两个操作对象都是字符串，将对会组成字符串的字符
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ASCII 值执行操作，结果也是一个字符串。除此之外，两个操作对象都将
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<link linkend="language.types.integer.casting">转换为整数</link> ，结果也将会是整数。
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</para>
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<para>
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如果 <literal>~</literal> 运算符的操作对象是字符串，则将对组成字符串的字符 ASCII 值进行操作，
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结果将会是字符串，否则操作对象和结构都会是整数。
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</para>
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<para>
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<literal><<</literal> 和 <literal>>></literal> 运算符的操作对象和结果始终都是整数。
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</para>
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<para>
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PHP 的 ini 设定 error_reporting 使用了按位的值，
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提供了关闭某个位的真实例子。要显示除了提示级别
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之外的所有错误，php.ini 中是这样用的：
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<userinput>E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE</userinput>
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</para>
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<para>
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<informalexample>
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<para>
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<literallayout>
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具体运作方式是先取得 E_ALL 的值：
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<computeroutput>00000000000000000111011111111111</computeroutput>
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再取得 E_NOTICE 的值：
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<computeroutput>00000000000000000000000000001000</computeroutput>
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然后通过 <literal>~</literal> 将其取反：
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<computeroutput>11111111111111111111111111110111</computeroutput>
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最后再用按位与 AND（&）得到两个值中都设定了（为 1）的位：
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<computeroutput>00000000000000000111011111110111</computeroutput>
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</literallayout>
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</para>
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</informalexample>
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</para>
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<para>
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另外一个方法是用按位异或 XOR（<literal>^</literal>）来取得只在
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其中一个值中设定了的位 <userinput>E_ALL ^ E_NOTICE</userinput>
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</para>
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<para>
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error_reporting 也可用来演示怎样置位。只显示错误和可恢复
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错误的方法是：
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<userinput>E_ERROR | E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR</userinput>
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</para>
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<para>
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<informalexample>
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<para>
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<literallayout>
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也就是将 E_ERROR
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<computeroutput>00000000000000000000000000000001</computeroutput>
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和 E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR
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<computeroutput>00000000000000000001000000000000</computeroutput>
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用按位或 OR（<literal>|</literal>）运算符来取得在任何一个值中被置位的结果：
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<computeroutput>00000000000000000001000000000001</computeroutput>
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</literallayout>
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</para>
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</informalexample>
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</para>
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<para>
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<example>
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<title>整数的 AND，OR 和 XOR 位运算符</title>
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<programlisting role="php">
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<![CDATA[
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<?php
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/*
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* 忽略顶部，
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* 它只是为了使输出更加清晰而格式化。
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*/
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$format = '(%1$2d = %1$04b) = (%2$2d = %2$04b)'
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. ' %3$s (%4$2d = %4$04b)' . "\n";
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echo <<<EOH
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--------- --------- -- ---------
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result value op test
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--------- --------- -- ---------
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EOH;
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/*
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* 这是示例。
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*/
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$values = array(0, 1, 2, 4, 8);
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$test = 1 + 4;
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echo "\n Bitwise AND \n";
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foreach ($values as $value) {
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$result = $value & $test;
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printf($format, $result, $value, '&', $test);
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}
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echo "\n Bitwise Inclusive OR \n";
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foreach ($values as $value) {
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$result = $value | $test;
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printf($format, $result, $value, '|', $test);
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}
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echo "\n Bitwise Exclusive OR (XOR) \n";
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foreach ($values as $value) {
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$result = $value ^ $test;
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printf($format, $result, $value, '^', $test);
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}
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?>
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]]>
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</programlisting>
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&example.outputs;
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<screen>
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<![CDATA[
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--------- --------- -- ---------
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result value op test
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--------- --------- -- ---------
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Bitwise AND
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( 0 = 0000) = ( 0 = 0000) & ( 5 = 0101)
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( 1 = 0001) = ( 1 = 0001) & ( 5 = 0101)
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( 0 = 0000) = ( 2 = 0010) & ( 5 = 0101)
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( 4 = 0100) = ( 4 = 0100) & ( 5 = 0101)
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( 0 = 0000) = ( 8 = 1000) & ( 5 = 0101)
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Bitwise Inclusive OR
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( 5 = 0101) = ( 0 = 0000) | ( 5 = 0101)
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( 5 = 0101) = ( 1 = 0001) | ( 5 = 0101)
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( 7 = 0111) = ( 2 = 0010) | ( 5 = 0101)
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( 5 = 0101) = ( 4 = 0100) | ( 5 = 0101)
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(13 = 1101) = ( 8 = 1000) | ( 5 = 0101)
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Bitwise Exclusive OR (XOR)
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( 5 = 0101) = ( 0 = 0000) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
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( 4 = 0100) = ( 1 = 0001) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
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( 7 = 0111) = ( 2 = 0010) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
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( 1 = 0001) = ( 4 = 0100) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
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(13 = 1101) = ( 8 = 1000) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
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]]>
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</screen>
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</example>
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</para>
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<para>
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<example>
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<title>字符串的 XOR 运算符</title>
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<programlisting role="php">
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<![CDATA[
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<?php
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echo 12 ^ 9, PHP_EOL; // 输出 '5'
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echo "12" ^ "9", PHP_EOL; // 输出退格字符 (ascii 8)
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// ('1' (ascii 49)) ^ ('9' (ascii 57)) = #8
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echo "hallo" ^ "hello", PHP_EOL; // 输出 ascii 值 #0 #4 #0 #0 #0
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// 'a' ^ 'e' = #4
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echo 2 ^ "3", PHP_EOL; // 输出 1
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// 2 ^ ((int) "3") == 1
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echo "2" ^ 3, PHP_EOL; // 输出 1
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// ((int) "2") ^ 3 == 1
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?>
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]]>
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</programlisting>
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</example>
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</para>
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<para>
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<example>
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<title>整数的位移</title>
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<programlisting role="php">
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<![CDATA[
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<?php
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/*
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* 这是示例。
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*/
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echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---\n";
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$val = 4;
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$places = 1;
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$res = $val >> $places;
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p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'copy of sign bit shifted into left side');
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$val = 4;
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$places = 2;
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$res = $val >> $places;
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p($res, $val, '>>', $places);
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$val = 4;
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$places = 3;
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$res = $val >> $places;
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p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'bits shift out right side');
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$val = 4;
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$places = 4;
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$res = $val >> $places;
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p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'same result as above; can not shift beyond 0');
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echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---\n";
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$val = -4;
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$places = 1;
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$res = $val >> $places;
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p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'copy of sign bit shifted into left side');
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$val = -4;
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$places = 2;
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$res = $val >> $places;
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p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'bits shift out right side');
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$val = -4;
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$places = 3;
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$res = $val >> $places;
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p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'same result as above; can not shift beyond -1');
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echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---\n";
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$val = 4;
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$places = 1;
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$res = $val << $places;
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p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'zeros fill in right side');
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$val = 4;
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$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 4;
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$res = $val << $places;
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p($res, $val, '<<', $places);
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$val = 4;
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$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 3;
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$res = $val << $places;
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p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'sign bits get shifted out');
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$val = 4;
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$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 2;
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$res = $val << $places;
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p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'bits shift out left side');
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echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---\n";
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$val = -4;
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$places = 1;
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$res = $val << $places;
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p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'zeros fill in right side');
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$val = -4;
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$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 3;
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$res = $val << $places;
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p($res, $val, '<<', $places);
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$val = -4;
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$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 2;
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$res = $val << $places;
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p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'bits shift out left side, including sign bit');
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/*
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* 忽略顶部，
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* 它只是为了使输出更加清晰而格式化。
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*/
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function p($res, $val, $op, $places, $note = '') {
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$format = '%0' . (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) . "b\n";
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printf("Expression: %d = %d %s %d\n", $res, $val, $op, $places);
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echo " Decimal:\n";
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printf(" val=%d\n", $val);
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printf(" res=%d\n", $res);
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echo " Binary:\n";
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printf(' val=' . $format, $val);
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printf(' res=' . $format, $res);
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if ($note) {
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echo " NOTE: $note\n";
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}
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echo "\n\n";
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}
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?>
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]]>
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</programlisting>
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&example.outputs.32bit;
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<screen>
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<![CDATA[
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--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
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Expression: 2 = 4 >> 1
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Decimal:
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val=4
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res=2
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Binary:
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val=00000000000000000000000000000100
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res=00000000000000000000000000000010
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NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side
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Expression: 1 = 4 >> 2
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Decimal:
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val=4
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res=1
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Binary:
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val=00000000000000000000000000000100
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res=00000000000000000000000000000001
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Expression: 0 = 4 >> 3
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Decimal:
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val=4
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res=0
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Binary:
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val=00000000000000000000000000000100
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res=00000000000000000000000000000000
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NOTE: bits shift out right side
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Expression: 0 = 4 >> 4
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Decimal:
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val=4
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res=0
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Binary:
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val=00000000000000000000000000000100
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res=00000000000000000000000000000000
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NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond 0
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--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
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Expression: -2 = -4 >> 1
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Decimal:
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val=-4
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res=-2
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Binary:
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val=11111111111111111111111111111100
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res=11111111111111111111111111111110
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NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side
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Expression: -1 = -4 >> 2
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Decimal:
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val=-4
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res=-1
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Binary:
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val=11111111111111111111111111111100
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res=11111111111111111111111111111111
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NOTE: bits shift out right side
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Expression: -1 = -4 >> 3
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Decimal:
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val=-4
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res=-1
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Binary:
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val=11111111111111111111111111111100
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res=11111111111111111111111111111111
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NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond -1
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--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
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Expression: 8 = 4 << 1
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Decimal:
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val=4
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res=8
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Binary:
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val=00000000000000000000000000000100
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res=00000000000000000000000000001000
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NOTE: zeros fill in right side
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Expression: 1073741824 = 4 << 28
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Decimal:
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val=4
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res=1073741824
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Binary:
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val=00000000000000000000000000000100
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res=01000000000000000000000000000000
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Expression: -2147483648 = 4 << 29
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Decimal:
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val=4
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res=-2147483648
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Binary:
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val=00000000000000000000000000000100
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res=10000000000000000000000000000000
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NOTE: sign bits get shifted out
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Expression: 0 = 4 << 30
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Decimal:
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val=4
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res=0
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Binary:
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val=00000000000000000000000000000100
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res=00000000000000000000000000000000
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NOTE: bits shift out left side
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--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
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Expression: -8 = -4 << 1
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Decimal:
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val=-4
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res=-8
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Binary:
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val=11111111111111111111111111111100
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res=11111111111111111111111111111000
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NOTE: zeros fill in right side
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Expression: -2147483648 = -4 << 29
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Decimal:
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val=-4
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res=-2147483648
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Binary:
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val=11111111111111111111111111111100
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res=10000000000000000000000000000000
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Expression: 0 = -4 << 30
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Decimal:
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val=-4
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res=0
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Binary:
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val=11111111111111111111111111111100
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res=00000000000000000000000000000000
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NOTE: bits shift out left side, including sign bit
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]]>
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</screen>
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&example.outputs.64bit;
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<screen>
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<![CDATA[
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--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
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Expression: 2 = 4 >> 1
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Decimal:
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val=4
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res=2
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Binary:
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val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
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res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010
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NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side
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Expression: 1 = 4 >> 2
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Decimal:
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val=4
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res=1
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Binary:
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val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
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res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
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Expression: 0 = 4 >> 3
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Decimal:
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val=4
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res=0
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Binary:
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val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
|
||
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
||
NOTE: bits shift out right side
|
||
|
||
Expression: 0 = 4 >> 4
|
||
Decimal:
|
||
val=4
|
||
res=0
|
||
Binary:
|
||
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
|
||
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
||
NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond 0
|
||
|
||
|
||
--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
|
||
Expression: -2 = -4 >> 1
|
||
Decimal:
|
||
val=-4
|
||
res=-2
|
||
Binary:
|
||
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
|
||
res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
|
||
NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side
|
||
|
||
Expression: -1 = -4 >> 2
|
||
Decimal:
|
||
val=-4
|
||
res=-1
|
||
Binary:
|
||
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
|
||
res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
|
||
NOTE: bits shift out right side
|
||
|
||
Expression: -1 = -4 >> 3
|
||
Decimal:
|
||
val=-4
|
||
res=-1
|
||
Binary:
|
||
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
|
||
res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
|
||
NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond -1
|
||
|
||
|
||
--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
|
||
Expression: 8 = 4 << 1
|
||
Decimal:
|
||
val=4
|
||
res=8
|
||
Binary:
|
||
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
|
||
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000
|
||
NOTE: zeros fill in right side
|
||
|
||
Expression: 4611686018427387904 = 4 << 60
|
||
Decimal:
|
||
val=4
|
||
res=4611686018427387904
|
||
Binary:
|
||
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
|
||
res=0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
||
|
||
Expression: -9223372036854775808 = 4 << 61
|
||
Decimal:
|
||
val=4
|
||
res=-9223372036854775808
|
||
Binary:
|
||
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
|
||
res=1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
||
NOTE: sign bits get shifted out
|
||
|
||
Expression: 0 = 4 << 62
|
||
Decimal:
|
||
val=4
|
||
res=0
|
||
Binary:
|
||
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
|
||
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
||
NOTE: bits shift out left side
|
||
|
||
|
||
--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
|
||
Expression: -8 = -4 << 1
|
||
Decimal:
|
||
val=-4
|
||
res=-8
|
||
Binary:
|
||
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
|
||
res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111000
|
||
NOTE: zeros fill in right side
|
||
|
||
Expression: -9223372036854775808 = -4 << 61
|
||
Decimal:
|
||
val=-4
|
||
res=-9223372036854775808
|
||
Binary:
|
||
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
|
||
res=1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
||
|
||
Expression: 0 = -4 << 62
|
||
Decimal:
|
||
val=-4
|
||
res=0
|
||
Binary:
|
||
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
|
||
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
||
NOTE: bits shift out left side, including sign bit
|
||
]]>
|
||
</screen>
|
||
</example>
|
||
</para>
|
||
<warning>
|
||
<para>
|
||
使用 <link linkend="book.gmp">gmp</link> 扩展对超出 <constant>PHP_INT_MAX</constant> 的数值来进行位操作。
|
||
</para>
|
||
</warning>
|
||
|
||
<sect2 role="seealso">
|
||
&reftitle.seealso;
|
||
<para>
|
||
<simplelist>
|
||
<!-- <link linkend="language.oop5.basic.class.class">::class</link> -->
|
||
<member><function>pack</function></member>
|
||
<member><function>unpack</function></member>
|
||
<member><function>gmp_and</function></member>
|
||
<member><function>gmp_or</function></member>
|
||
<member><function>gmp_xor</function></member>
|
||
<member><function>gmp_testbit</function></member>
|
||
<member><function>gmp_clrbit</function></member>
|
||
</simplelist>
|
||
</para>
|
||
</sect2>
|
||
</sect1>
|